Revenge Is A Dish Best Served Cold Essay - 1527 Words

Author Pierre Choderlos writes, â€Å"revenge is a dish best served cold.† This quote is renown for its popularity across the centuries, often used as a proverbial description of the idea of revenge. Vengeance itself is a popular issue of morality, discussed and portrayed in a multitude of manners throughout literature, film, and live theater. Two playwrights that tackle the matter of revenge are Zeami Motokiyo and the famous William Shakespeare. Motokiyo’s play Astumori takes quite an artistic approach to the idea, telling a one-act play from the perspective of a samurai who is feeling guilty for killing a young opponent on the field of battle. He seeks cleansing for his guilty soul, putting him, potentially, on the receiving end of revenge. Shakespeare, on the other hand, takes a more traditional approach to the idea of vengeance in a number of his tragedies, including Hamlet. The ghost of Hamlet’s father urges his son to avenge his death by murdering his trait orous uncle Claudius. Both of these works exemplify a different aspect of the controversial matter of revenge. However, Astumori shows the audience that there are alternatives to revenge, while Hamlet reveals that revenge comes with a price. Essentially, both plays reach the same conclusion: revenge will not bring satisfaction. Millicent Bell, in her article â€Å"Hamlet, Revenge,† discusses the use of revenge in Shakespeare’s famous work, labeling it a â€Å"revenge tragedy† (311). She writes, â€Å"Shakespeare’s Hamlet has all theShow MoreRelatedRevenge Is A Dish Best Served Cold1646 Words   |  7 Pages Revenge is a Dish Best Served Cold Confucius once said, â€Å"Before you embark on a journey of revenge, dig two graves.† In The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, one of the characters named Roger Chillingworth finds out that his wife, Hester Prynne, believes that he is dead and has an illegitimate child with another man named Arthur Dimmesdale. Chillingworth finds out and feels betrayed so he takes matters into his own hand and decides to seek revenge on the man who had relationsRead MoreThe Theme Of Revenge In A Tale Of Two Cities748 Words   |  3 PagesLoose Stitch Revenge is an urge that one might seek to feed after their sister cleans the toilet with their toothbrush. As the saying goes, â€Å"Revenge is a dish best served cold†. In the novel, A Tale of Two Cities, Charles Dickens prolongs the theme of revenge, as it develops throughout the entirety of the novel. As tensions arose between the aristocrats and peasants, the French Revolution was born. Sixty years later, Charles Dickens addresses the war through through the stark revenge among the peopleRead MoreForgiveness And Forgiveness Essay750 Words   |  3 Pagesminimum, is a decision to let go of the desire for revenge and ill will toward that person who wronged you.†. This quote can help anyone who is struggling to understand what exactly forgiveness is and why we should forgive others. This quote helped me though, it helped me to understand why it is that we forgive, something I never really got before. Another story we read was A Dish Best Served Cold. This story had to do a first wanting revenge, then realizing it wasn’t what needed to happen atRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allan Poe900 Words   |  4 Pagessaying that â€Å"revenge is a dish best served cold†. That could not be truer in a story from Edgar Allan Poe. Edgar Allan Poe is a famous writer from the 19th Century. It is said that the name Poe should bring â€Å"images of murderers and madmen, premature burials, and mysterious women who return from the dead† (Poe s Life). He is mostly known as the inventor of science fiction and modern detective stories. Most of Poe’s tale are terror story’s with haunting lyric poetry. Poe had the best mysterious charactersRead More Comparing Hamlet by William Shakespeare and The Killings by Andre Dubus858 Words   |  4 Pagescarefully planned acts of revenge will plow themselves into your brain. It is how we react to these situations tha t can and will forever define that man, his life, and his actions. In these two stories, Hamlets father and Matt Fowlers son are murdered with jealous motives of romance, ambition, betrayal and rage. Revenge captures the hearts of both characters, but in different forms. Hamlet sees his fathers ghost and is told if he ever loved his father he is to ?[revenge his foul and most unnaturalRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Roger Chillingworth895 Words   |  4 PagesRoger Chillingworth: Retribution to Death According to an old Klingon proverb, â€Å"Revenge is a dish best served cold,† which Roger Chillingworth, the evil antagonist in The Scarlet Letter knows how to serve well. As readers, we rarely slow down and really scrutinize the works of novels. Consequently, we do not truly realize and acknowledge the development and transition of the characters’ feelings, thoughts, and states of mind. Through Roger Chillingworth, Nathaniel Hawthorne demonstrates that tryingRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado, By Edgar Allan Poe And A Rose For Emily1198 Words   |  5 Pagesof revenge, betrayal, irony, and societies’ view on how we treat each other as people. â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† and â€Å"A Rose for Emily† are compatible stories that are easy to compare and contrast each other, and with that the stories show the theme of horror in their own separate ways. In â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado†, Montresor wants to get revenge on Fortunato for causing him so much insults and â€Å"injuries†, although he never tells us what Fortunato did to him. Montresor plots his revenge aheadRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1063 Words   |  5 Pagesdefinition, and the one that I think fits the best for this book, is a place or situation in which different elements interact to create something new. In my mind, this fits because all of the characters had their little grudges and dirty secrets. But when all those seemingly little things interact, they formed something new and a lot bigger: a witch hunt. This strange transformation that happened, occurred because of people exacting revenge. Revenge is a theme in the crucible because Abigail WilliamsRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1063 Words   |  5 Pagesdefinition, and the one that I think fits the best for this book, is a place or situation in which different elements inter act to create something new. In my mind, this fits because all of the characters had their little grudges and dirty secrets. But when all those seemingly little things interact, they formed something new and a lot bigger: a witch hunt. This strange transformation that happened, occurred because of people exacting revenge. Revenge is a theme in the crucible because Abigail WilliamsRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Titus Andronicus 1355 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"blood† in characteristics of honour, loyalty, emotional states, murder, villainy, and cultural and familial bonds. As the discussion of characters and their uses of the word â€Å"blood† demonstrate, â€Å"Titus Andronicus† represents the theme of revenge as a dish best served bloody. It illustrates how the term â€Å"blood† can also be manipulated by its character’s circumstance. This allows the reader to construct a deeper analysis of the characters, and the plays’ themes of human loss, and the tragic hero. In

Literature Review On Air Pollution - 1200 Words

Literature Review THE IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTION FROM A NEW PORT AT NEWCASTLE ON HUMAN HEALTH 1. Air pollution during operation of ports Air pollution is the one of world’s top environmental concern, as the population around the world keep rising, the resources and energy consumption which are the main source of air pollution also rise, according to Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)[1]. As the number of population increase, the ports are constructed to support the higher demand of trading goods and materials. The air pollution which is produced from port area affect the human health and environment, the quality of air and atmosphere around the port territory is low due to releasing hazardous particles into the†¦show more content†¦The other two running engines are auxiliary engines and boilers, both engines are used to produce the electrical power and heat when the vessels are at sea and at the berth[5]. 1.1.2. Generation of power for use by berthed ships The primary engine is shut down while the ship is at berth, however, the auxi liary engines and boilers are required to operate over the time. Auxiliary engines are used to produce electricity for ship’s general systems such as heating, pump, cooking and lighting, concurrently, the boilers can provide the heat for water system, cargo heating and fuel heating[5]. Nevertheless, the auxiliary engine should be de-energized if the berth can provide enough electrical energy to run the whole system operating within the ship since most ports are located close to the population so reducing the emission from the ships at berth is needed[6]. 1.1.3. Trucks and trains operating near or within the port Most trucks and trains generally use the diesel engine to run the whole system, the major air pollutant emitting from these types of vehicles are carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and particulate emission (PM). The emission from diesel engine currently cause many world’s air pollution problem, for example, acid rain, and climate change[7]. 1.2. Impact of air pollution on human health This kind of contamination can lead to premature mortality and can cause the long-termShow MoreRelatedLiterature Review : Air Pollution Dispersion Modelling2815 Words   |  12 Pages LITERATURE REVIEW AIR POLLUTION DISPERSION MODELLING TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2. Air pollutants and control of gases†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3. Air pollutants: particles†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4. Mobile sources†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... 5. Measurement of gases and particles†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... 6. Concentration and deposition†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 7. Meteorology and Modelling†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 8. Analysis of an air quality data set†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 9. Indoor air quality †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreQualitative Research : Quantitative Research913 Words   |  4 Pages(Pennsylvania State University, 2016). In order to conduct a qualitative study on pollution issues, one need to plan a research study. By following certain guidelines, a qualitative research study can be plan and execute in a transparent and coherent manner (Chenail, 2011). 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It is significant to measure the exposure levels of different pollutant gases, especially for the well being sensitive or susceptible individuals such as children, aged people and persistently ill people. To avoid such adverse imbalances in the nature, an air quality monitoring system is utmost important. Recent enhancement in technology have made it conceivable to deploy cost-effective wirelessRead MoreThe Environmental Effect Of A Gas Refinery1322 Words   |  6 Pagesunderstand other possible affects. Nitrate, phosphate, and oxygen will all have an affect on freshwaters within ecosystems. Also, the environmental effect that a petroleum refinery has around us to show why it causes so much pollution. Literature Review: Before even going into the review first it is needed to know, what is pH or what does it even mean? It is a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution, high concentration of hydrogen ions and has a low pH (â€Å"What is pH?† n.d.). Solutions

Lady Jane Grey free essay sample

Lady Jane Grey was born at Bradgate Park, Leicestershire around October 1537. Her mother was the daughter of Henry VII’s sister Mary Tudor, and she was a great granddaughter of Henry VII. She was raised a Protestant and had a difficult childhood as her mother dominated her meek mannered daughter. In 1546 was sent to live as a ward of Catherine Parr who had married Henry VIII in 1543. Jane received warm affection from Catherine and blossomed in the surroundings of the court When Henry died, Catherine married Thomas Seymour but the marriage was short lived as Catherine died shortly after giving birth to her child. Thomas Seymour proposed that Jane marry Henry’s son Edward, however his brother Edward Seymour Duke of Somerset who was regent to the young King wanted Edward to marry Elizabeth daughter of Henry II of France. In the event both Seymours feel from power and were executed by John Dudley the Duke of Northumberland. We will write a custom essay sample on Lady Jane Grey or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Jane was then offered to Northumberland’s son Lord Guildford Dudley whom she was reluctant to marry until forced to do so by her mother. The Dudleys were prominent among the new Protestant nobles who had done well out of the closing of the Catholic monasteries, and when Edward became sickly they feared the prospect of Henry’s catholic daughter Mary becoming queen and restoring Catholicism. Under pressure from Northumberland Edward’s will was changed to include Lady Jane Grey as his Protestant heir. Edward died on 6 July 1553 and Northumberland had Lady Jane Grey proclaimed as Queen of England on 10 July 1553. She refused to name her husband Guildford Dudley as king. However within nine days Mary had gathered sufficient support to triumphantly ride into London and Parliament proclaimed her Queen Mary I. Jane and her husband were accused of treason and sentenced to death; however Mary spared them and allowed them to live in the Tower of London. In January 1554 there was a Protestant rebellion led by Thomas Wyatt calling for Jane’s restoration. The rebellion failed and Mary was pressed to sign the death warrant. Both Jane and Guildford Dudley were executed on 12 February 1554.

The Color Purple Analytical Essay free essay sample

The black community has their own cycle of violence that we can relate to the characters and relationships in The Color Purple. Black Southerners formed their own small community in the white dominated society but they still destroyed themselves from within this community by abusing and hurting their women. Women living in this black community got mentally, physically, and sexually abused by their fathers, husbands, and other men. While this behavior remains very inappropriate and wrong, the women felt nothing could stop the men from their horrible actions. Sofia and Celie, two main characters in The Color Purple, had experienced pain and harm, especially by their husbands. Having a father who sexually and physically beat her, Celie had never had an easy life. Celie explains her incidents with her father in her diary, â€Å"He never had a kine word to say to me. Just say You gonna do what your mammy wouldn’t. We will write a custom essay sample on The Color Purple Analytical Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † (Page 1). From then on, things only continued to get worse and Celie soon began getting beat and sexually abused by her new husband, Mr. _____. Celie viewed these actions as the normal part of life and better than death. Celie explains to Mr. ____’s sisters, â€Å"I don’t fight, I stay where I’m told. But I’m alive. † (Page 22) Mr. _____’s son, Harpo, also physically beats his wife, Sofia. Sofia won’t take this kind of harm though. She decides to fight back and stand up for her rights. This worked out for her with Harpo and she even decides to leave him. Celie describes their fight and how Sofia fights back, â€Å"They fight. He try to slap her. What he do that for? She reach down and grab a piece of stove wood and whack him cross the eyes. † (Page 38). Remaining a large part of the black community, violence affected Sofia, Celie, and many other African Americans. Alice Walker helps the readers understand the stereotype of black Southerners during this time period and how they cause much harm in their community. White men stood in control of the South during the early twentieth century. While some blacks created their own communities between themselves, whites controlled most of the area. Although some say whites didn’t control everything, they treated blacks living in the community differently. While Celie went into a store, in town, the clerk acted impatient and didn’t treat Celie or any other blacks respectfully. Celie explains the clerks attitude, â€Å"He say, Girl you want the cloth or not? We got other customers sides you. † (Page 14. ) If someone acted like this in a store nowadays, most people would leave right away. Yet the black woman says â€Å"Yes sir. I want five yards, please sir. † (Page 14. ) The woman asks kindly and treats the clerk with more respect even though getting business and customers remains his job. The clerk also has horrible customer service, â€Å"He snatch the cloth and thump down the bolt. He don’t measure. When he think he got five yard he tare it off. † (Page 14. ) This shows an example of the stereotype how whites treated blacks differently. Walker demonstrates the racism and how whites considered blacks not as important during this time period. Sofia also gets discriminated by race when she gets arrested. Squeak comes to Celie and tells her â€Å"Sofia in jail, I say† (Page 86. ) When Celie asks why, Squeak explains â€Å"Sassing the mayor’s wife, I say. (Page 86. ) Sofia also pushed the mayor but she had to serve her sentence of twelve years in jail. This shows how the unfair justice system punishes blacks. A person nowadays would get in trouble for doing such a thing but not much could happen to the accused. Alice Walker illustrates the stereotype of discrimination and harm caused by whites on blacks in The Color Purple. The Color Purple e ducates the reader to achieve the author’s purpose by showing stereotypes of violence and harm throughout. While some people went along with the harm and decided living in the hard conditions remained good enough, some decided to fight back which only got them involved with bigger problems. The reader can feel sympathy for the characters and others during this time period and learn a lot about harm inflicted on and in the black community. Although the human race still struggles with racism, harm, and violence every day, people can learn from The Color Purple and people today are putting aside their differences to make the world a better place for everyone.

Explain How the Fundamental Accoungting Concepts Are Used in Preparing Financial Statement Essay Example

Explain How the Fundamental Accoungting Concepts Are Used in Preparing Financial Statement Essay Explain how the fundamental accoungting concepts are used in preparing financial statement. Use examples to illustrate the application of the fundamental accounting concepts. Accouting is the language of business and it is used to communicate finance information. In order for that information make sencse, accouting is based on 10 fundamental concepts. These fundamental concepts then form the basic for all of the Generally Accepted Accouting Principles (GAAP).And these are 10 fundamental concepts:the Business Entity Concept, Monetary Concept, Historical (Cost) Concept, Going Concern Concept, Dual Aspect Concept, Accrual Concept, The relisation Concept, Consevatism, Consistency, Materially In those fundamental accounting concepts above which I would apply and explain for 6 fundamantal accouting concept below which I think they are used in preparing the Financial Statements: 1. Going concern: -According to Dyson (2006) The going concern concept implies that the business will continue to operate for the fore-seeable future.It means that it is considered sensible to keep to the use of the historical cost concept when arriving at the valuation of assets. And if the business decides to liquidate or become bankrupt then a different approach to valuation is required. -This value includes the liquidation value of a companys tangible assets as well as the present value of its intangible assets (such as goodwill). The going-concern value is worked into the purchase price of a company, and is the main reason why the purchase price of a company tends to be higher than the current value of the assets of the company.For example, the liquidation value of Widget Corp. is $10 million. This sum represents the current value of inventory, buildings and other tangible assets that can be sold assuming that the company is completely liquidated. However, Widget Corp. s going-concern value could very well be $60 million, as the companys reputation of being the worlds leading widget produ cer and its ownership of patents and associated rights for widget production mean that the company should have a large steady stream of future cash flows. 2. Accrual concept When preparing the profit and loss account, revenue and profits, and matched with the associated costs and expenses incurred in earning them. This means that revenues and expenses are recognized when they are incurred rather than when the related cash is received or paid. Accrual of income is always measured over a period of time which is normally the accounting year. Expenses are costs incurred in earning revenue. Those expenditures which may be charged against revenues for a period will be considered as operating expenses.The accrual concept is applied both in ascertaining the revenues for a period and ascertaining the expenses to be charged against the revenues. For example if   a business has a year end of 30th June 193 and there had been an electricity charge of ? 60 for the six months to the end of Decem ber 192 , ? 30 for the quarter ending 31 March 193 , and an estimate of ? 20 has been made   for the quarter ending 30 June 193 . The amount charged in the profit and loss account for the year end 30/06/x3,   will be the charge for the 12 months ? 110, i. e. ?60 + ? 30 + ? 20. This estimate of ? 20 for the March/June quarter is known as an accrual. . Monetary Concept: -Accounting uses money to express certain facts of a business and they can show a expression of the wealth of the business. 4. Consistency concept: There should be consistency of treatment of like items within each accounting period and from one period to next. In other words, once you have chosen an accounting treatment, you should stick with it from one year to next.. It helps the user to make comparisons over time, and so to pick out useful trends. Without consistency we cannot have comparability; and without comparability, financial reporting is rather meaningless.For example, a profit for the year of ? 100m m ay initially be perceived as good, but can only really be assessed by comparison with last year and/or budget for this year. Finally, it must be noted that the consistency concept does not preclude changes being made. Clearly, as time goes by, new accounting practices will develop. However, as these are adopted two things must happen. First, they must be fully disclosed as a change in accounting policy. And second, the comparative figures for the previous year must be restated under the new policy so as to facilitate comparison. . Materiality: -A very small mistake in the financial statements of an entity will not invalidate those statement . They should still be usable by anyone interested in entity. However, the key issue is obviously what we mean by ‘very small’. The concept of materiality applies the test of whether the financial statements still show a true and fair view. The consistency concept says that when a business has once fixed a method for the accounting t reatment of an item, it will enter all similar items that follow in exactly the same way. 6.Dual Aspect Concept -All business events are regarded as having a dual aspect. In all business transaction involves two entries, a debit entry and a credit entry. Each transaction involves two entries, a debit entry and a credit entry. Every debit must have a corresponding credit, the total debits must at any time equal the total credits. Whether this be so or not is easily ascertained by means of Trial Balance. 2. Critically evaluate the role of financial accouting in aiding the decision making processes of 4 different non-management stakeholder group.Your anwers should include an explanation of the nature of the decisions each of the stakeholders are likely to be taking in relation to their interactions with a business. I would chose 4 different non-management stakeholder groups below to critically evaluate the role of financial accouting in aiding the decision making processes: Investors: Investors are the people who invest the money for business so they are concerned about risk and return in relation to their investment. So they require informaiton to decide whether they should continue to invest in a business.They also need to beable to assess wether a business will be able to pay diviend, and to measure the performance of the business management overall. The key accouting information for an investor is therefore: -Information about growth-sales, volumees -Profitability (profit margins, overall level of profit) -Investment (amount invested, essets owned) -Comparative informmtion of competitors Lenders Lenders are the people who lend money in a business as : banks and loan stokholders so they require information that helps them determined whether loans and interest will be paid when due.The key accouting information for lenders is therefore: -Cash flow -Security of assets against which the lending may be secured -Investment requirements in the business Creditors Sup pliers and trade creditors requirement information that helps them Understand and assess the short-term liquidity of a business. They need to know is the business able to pay short-termdebt when it falls dua? Creditors will, therefore,be looking for information on: -Cash flow -Management of working capital -Payment policyThe purpose of financial accounting statements is mainly to show the financial position of a business at a particular point in time and to show the how that business has performed over a specific period. There are three important elements of finance accounting statement : the profit and loss account for reporting period, a balance sheet for the business at the end of the reporting period and a cash flow statement for the reporting period. Government and taxes department: They need to know about the information of Financial Statements of all the company or business who is running the business legal.There are many agencies and departments that are interested in accoun ting information. And through Financial statement they can know the profit the business make to levy taxes. The Inland Revenue needs information on business profitability in order to levy and collect Corporation Tax. Customer excise need accounting in formation to verify Value Added Tax (â€Å"VAT†) returns; local government needs similar information to levy local taxes and rates. Some agencies(e. g the Competition Commission and the Environment Agency) need information to support decisions about takeover and grants . for example investment analysts are an important user group-specifically for companies quoted on stock exchange. They also require very detailed financial and other information in order to analyse the competitive performance of a business and its sector. (1539 words) Explain How the Fundamental Accoungting Concepts Are Used in Preparing Financial Statement Essay Example Explain How the Fundamental Accoungting Concepts Are Used in Preparing Financial Statement Essay Explain how the fundamental accoungting concepts are used in preparing financial statement. Use examples to illustrate the application of the fundamental accounting concepts. Accouting is the language of business and it is used to communicate finance information. In order for that information make sencse, accouting is based on 10 fundamental concepts. These fundamental concepts then form the basic for all of the Generally Accepted Accouting Principles (GAAP).And these are 10 fundamental concepts:the Business Entity Concept, Monetary Concept, Historical (Cost) Concept, Going Concern Concept, Dual Aspect Concept, Accrual Concept, The relisation Concept, Consevatism, Consistency, Materially In those fundamental accounting concepts above which I would apply and explain for 6 fundamantal accouting concept below which I think they are used in preparing the Financial Statements: 1. Going concern: -According to Dyson (2006) The going concern concept implies that the business will continue to operate for the fore-seeable future.It means that it is considered sensible to keep to the use of the historical cost concept when arriving at the valuation of assets. And if the business decides to liquidate or become bankrupt then a different approach to valuation is required. -This value includes the liquidation value of a companys tangible assets as well as the present value of its intangible assets (such as goodwill). The going-concern value is worked into the purchase price of a company, and is the main reason why the purchase price of a company tends to be higher than the current value of the assets of the company.For example, the liquidation value of Widget Corp. is $10 million. This sum represents the current value of inventory, buildings and other tangible assets that can be sold assuming that the company is completely liquidated. However, Widget Corp. s going-concern value could very well be $60 million, as the companys reputation of being the worlds leading widget produ cer and its ownership of patents and associated rights for widget production mean that the company should have a large steady stream of future cash flows. 2. Accrual concept When preparing the profit and loss account, revenue and profits, and matched with the associated costs and expenses incurred in earning them. This means that revenues and expenses are recognized when they are incurred rather than when the related cash is received or paid. Accrual of income is always measured over a period of time which is normally the accounting year. Expenses are costs incurred in earning revenue. Those expenditures which may be charged against revenues for a period will be considered as operating expenses.The accrual concept is applied both in ascertaining the revenues for a period and ascertaining the expenses to be charged against the revenues. For example if   a business has a year end of 30th June 193 and there had been an electricity charge of ? 60 for the six months to the end of Decem ber 192 , ? 30 for the quarter ending 31 March 193 , and an estimate of ? 20 has been made   for the quarter ending 30 June 193 . The amount charged in the profit and loss account for the year end 30/06/x3,   will be the charge for the 12 months ? 110, i. e. ?60 + ? 30 + ? 20. This estimate of ? 20 for the March/June quarter is known as an accrual. . Monetary Concept: -Accounting uses money to express certain facts of a business and they can show a expression of the wealth of the business. 4. Consistency concept: There should be consistency of treatment of like items within each accounting period and from one period to next. In other words, once you have chosen an accounting treatment, you should stick with it from one year to next.. It helps the user to make comparisons over time, and so to pick out useful trends. Without consistency we cannot have comparability; and without comparability, financial reporting is rather meaningless.For example, a profit for the year of ? 100m m ay initially be perceived as good, but can only really be assessed by comparison with last year and/or budget for this year. Finally, it must be noted that the consistency concept does not preclude changes being made. Clearly, as time goes by, new accounting practices will develop. However, as these are adopted two things must happen. First, they must be fully disclosed as a change in accounting policy. And second, the comparative figures for the previous year must be restated under the new policy so as to facilitate comparison. . Materiality: -A very small mistake in the financial statements of an entity will not invalidate those statement . They should still be usable by anyone interested in entity. However, the key issue is obviously what we mean by ‘very small’. The concept of materiality applies the test of whether the financial statements still show a true and fair view. The consistency concept says that when a business has once fixed a method for the accounting t reatment of an item, it will enter all similar items that follow in exactly the same way. 6.Dual Aspect Concept -All business events are regarded as having a dual aspect. In all business transaction involves two entries, a debit entry and a credit entry. Each transaction involves two entries, a debit entry and a credit entry. Every debit must have a corresponding credit, the total debits must at any time equal the total credits. Whether this be so or not is easily ascertained by means of Trial Balance. 2. Critically evaluate the role of financial accouting in aiding the decision making processes of 4 different non-management stakeholder group.Your anwers should include an explanation of the nature of the decisions each of the stakeholders are likely to be taking in relation to their interactions with a business. I would chose 4 different non-management stakeholder groups below to critically evaluate the role of financial accouting in aiding the decision making processes: Investors: Investors are the people who invest the money for business so they are concerned about risk and return in relation to their investment. So they require informaiton to decide whether they should continue to invest in a business.They also need to beable to assess wether a business will be able to pay diviend, and to measure the performance of the business management overall. The key accouting information for an investor is therefore: -Information about growth-sales, volumees -Profitability (profit margins, overall level of profit) -Investment (amount invested, essets owned) -Comparative informmtion of competitors Lenders Lenders are the people who lend money in a business as : banks and loan stokholders so they require information that helps them determined whether loans and interest will be paid when due.The key accouting information for lenders is therefore: -Cash flow -Security of assets against which the lending may be secured -Investment requirements in the business Creditors Sup pliers and trade creditors requirement information that helps them Understand and assess the short-term liquidity of a business. They need to know is the business able to pay short-termdebt when it falls dua? Creditors will, therefore,be looking for information on: -Cash flow -Management of working capital -Payment policyThe purpose of financial accounting statements is mainly to show the financial position of a business at a particular point in time and to show the how that business has performed over a specific period. There are three important elements of finance accounting statement : the profit and loss account for reporting period, a balance sheet for the business at the end of the reporting period and a cash flow statement for the reporting period. Government and taxes department: They need to know about the information of Financial Statements of all the company or business who is running the business legal.There are many agencies and departments that are interested in accoun ting information. And through Financial statement they can know the profit the business make to levy taxes. The Inland Revenue needs information on business profitability in order to levy and collect Corporation Tax. Customer excise need accounting in formation to verify Value Added Tax (â€Å"VAT†) returns; local government needs similar information to levy local taxes and rates. Some agencies(e. g the Competition Commission and the Environment Agency) need information to support decisions about takeover and grants . for example investment analysts are an important user group-specifically for companies quoted on stock exchange. They also require very detailed financial and other information in order to analyse the competitive performance of a business and its sector. (1539 words)

Importance of Vitamins Essays

Importance of Vitamins Essays Importance of Vitamins Essay Importance of Vitamins Essay Essential fatty acids are vital to promote the growth and fullness of hair. Incorporate seeds and nuts like walnuts, almonds, and pumpkin seeds into your snacks and meals. More common sources of essential fatty acids are flax, canola oil, fish and soy. Vitamins Vitamin E improves circulation to all parts of the body. The scalp needs proper circulation in order for hair follicles to be stimulated. Vitamin E can be found in avocados, nuts, seeds, olive oil, wheat germ, dried beans, soybeans, and dark green leafy vegetables. The B vitamins which include Biotin, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B12, and Pantothenic Acid prevent hair loss. These vitamins can easily be incorporated by adding eggs, meat, poultry, and whole grain cereals to your diet. Sponsored Links livestrong. com/article/242666-diet-to-thicken-hair/#ixzz2B6HNXT00 Besides being rich in protein and vitamin D (both are key to strong hair) the omega-3 fatty acids found in this tasty cold-water fish are the true superstar. Your body cant make those fatty acids, which your body needs to grow hair. About 3% of the hair shaft is make up of these fatty acids, Drayer says. Omega-3s are also found in cell membranes in the skin of your scalp, and in the natural oils that keep your scalp and hair hydrated. Other options: If salmon doesnt thrill you, you can also get essential fatty acids from fish like herring, sardines, trout, and mackerel, as well as avocado, pumpkin seeds, and walnuts (see below for more wonderful things about walnuts

Strategic management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Strategic management - Assignment Example The Yip’s drivers of internationalization will aid the paper by identifying underlying conditions in the smart-phone industry that create potential for both Apple and Samsung to use global strategy, including market drivers, cost drivers, competitive drivers, and government drivers (Goldman & Nieuwenhuizen, 2010: p48). Each of these drivers will affect how both companies use global strategy levers like global marketing, global services and products, and global market participation. The paper will also use Porter’s generic strategies, which will aid in understanding how Apple and Samsung pursue their competitive advantages across their respective market scopes (Kossowski, 2012: p50). The companies will be assessed for their use of the three generic strategies of focus, differentiation, and lower cost to gain competitive advantage over their rivals. In short, this tool will help in reflecting the choices both companies have made in relation to their scope and form of competitive advantage. Finally, McKinsey’s 7- S framework will be used in investigating whether Apple and Samsung are achieving their set out objectives. This tool will be especially useful in understanding Samsung’s and Apple’s organizational design through seven fundamental internal elements, including structure, strategy, shared values, systems, staff, style, and skills to identify whether these are aligned effectively to allow both companies attain its aims and object ives (Lynch, 2012:

Sales and Purchase Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sales and Purchase Management - Essay Example Selling skills should be required by a sales force manager. This can be implemented if this sales manager has the best view about the right tools and technical skills for the sales job. For instance, the presence of sale tools makes the business to look professional (Collier 239). Thus, sufficient skills in using these tools would make the sales force more professional. Furthermore, technical skills should be required by sales force manager because selling process for instance, involves relevant strategies in closing a sale (Foster and Thomson 99). Such of these strategies would include research, understanding the buyer’s behaviors, needs, and so on. It is important that the sales force manager and the entire sales team should require all the above skills because they primarily would affect the entire sales performance of the group. Selling definitely involves a process. In a personal selling for instance, there is a need to include several steps prior to closing a sale and fo llow up with the customer (Berkowitz 405). Selling process involves various steps and it starts with prospecting, preapproach, approach, presentation, closing, and servicing or follow up (Kurtz, MacKenzie and Snow 546). The sales force manager requires his or her team to master this sales process because this is an integral part of acquiring opportunity to serve customers and obtaining remarkable sales for the entire organization. Prospecting requires a very important skill in finding the lead, key or potential customers. The preapproach and approach stages should require the sales team to be more creative and ensure research in the preparation process prior to the actual sales call or presentation step. In the presentation, it requires that the sales team should have appropriate product knowledge and know-how on the business process, so as to make the entire sales call convincing. Closing should be the hardest part because prior to it, the sales person must be able to have the righ t skill in handling objections. Furthermore, in the actual closing step, the sales person should be able to have the right skill in discerning that there are no longer objections on the part of the customer. Finally, the servicing step or follow up should be ensured that the sales person has the appropriate skill in leaving the door open for customer’s future repeat order or purchase. Sales force manager at this stage should therefore ensure that relationship selling becomes a must, and it is a specific skill that is to be mastered during the actual selling process. As employees in sales progressed or advanced in their sales career, they should be required to be taken to the next level and an integral part of it is to improve not only their negotiating skills but above all their leadership skills (Boone and Kurtz 576). Selling process requires initiatives, endurance and above all also needs creativity (Boone and Kurtz 576). All of these should be possessed by a sales person. These are integral components of the leadership skills needed in sales. Creativity is something that must be developed over time because

Motivating oneself Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Motivating oneself - Essay Example How does one keep himself or herself moving even when feeling lazy? How do an individual push himself or herself to grow, be able to take risks, and become better even when things are not going on well? According to chandler (54-56), there several tools used in motivating oneself. This includes ones heroes, role models, and rivals. Heroes are people who others aspire to become, those looked up to and whose actions are admirable. In having a hero, an individual will be pushed to be able to keep high standards in ones action. In addition, it helps one to ask himself or herself how the hero would respond when feeling low or dispirited. In having heroes, entrepreneurs are kept on the right track when having doubt on what is supposed to be done. Moreover, they will find source of strength when they require and be motivated to perform at their peak. Second tool is the role models, these are people whose characteristics are admired by others and everyone tries to imitate. Entrepreneurs can have many role models who excel in different field. Thirdly is using rivals in motivating oneself. Rivalry is a powerful driver that keeps one moving; it makes an individual entrepreneur more innovative and even pushes him or her forward. Rivals exist in different industries and or in the field of work hence, it is a powerful motivator. Entrepreneurs will first have to identify who their rivals are, and be able to find out more about their progress and successes. In doing this they will manage to push themselves to be able to out do their own rivals. Entrepreneurs should choose who their best competitors are, the ones they admire most and keep them in their minds as the standard that they are required to beat. Rivalry will always keep entrepreneurs focused and pushes them to work harder than they have done. They will not be lazy, contented, and even when being congratulated for any good work they have done, they will always be having their competitors to drive them

Effect of Parental Separation on Adolescence

Effect of Parental Separation on Adolescence Zeenat Jawed PARENTAL SEPARATION AND ITS CONSEQUENCES FOR ADOLESCENCE Family is one of the important social spaces which give you identity; shelter, security, senses of belonging and also nurtures the personality of a person. Parents play an important role to run the family with harmony. They provide basis for the development of personality and, guide their children to face the challenges of the real world. Child learn to adjust in society and make relations with others by observing the role of their parents (Bandura, 1989). Parents influence on child development in three different ways which includes direct interaction with child in activities, emotional identification and, telling stories about family members and relatives (Kagan, 1999). The interpersonal relation of parents also has an impact on child development. According to Moore, Kinghorne and Bandy (2011), the quality of parental relationship is allied with the positive or negative outcome in child’s behavior, social competence, and engagement in school, parent-child communication and parental feeling of aggravation. The reflection of parental relation either lifts up or disrupts the child development. If the conflict persists and parents get divorced so it will impact the development of children. This paper will explore worldwide and Pakistan’s prevalence, causes of divorce, and its impact on child’s development in different stages of life briefly, with more focus on adolescence stage. Furthermore, it will also provide some possible interventions for children to cope up with this emotional trauma without compromising their development. The reason for choosing this topic is that I have witnessed a 14 years old girl during my clinical whose parents got divorced that influenced on her life positively and negatively. She involved in studies more and became resilient but simultaneously, she was depressed, had fear about future life, and didn’t participate in any social activities. Prevalence Divorce is the physical and legal separation of spouse from their relation (Parveen, 2010). The rate of divorce is increasing day by day. Worldwide Divorce Statistics, (n.d.), states that Beralus, United Kingdom and United states are among top twenty countries with the highest divorce rate of 68%, 53% and 49% respectively. According to Avila (2013), â€Å"The United States Bureau of the Census (2005) estimated over 1 million children experience parental divorce each year. According to Strohschein et al. (2009) and Juby et al. (2005) as cited in Ambert Vanier Institute of the Family (2005), about 20% -30% children experience parental divorce at the age of 18 and 15 respectively. According to the statistics retrieved from the court of senior civil judge Lahore and Faisalabad, cited in Parveen (2010), since January to April 2008, 3223 and 1466 cases were registered respectively. About 80 to 85 cases are being registered daily. In addition, a study was conducted in Karachi showed that parental conflict results in negative outcome among their children. The study also suggests that 80.5% to 97.5% of children got affected by parental conflicts (Ali, Assad, Mogren, Krantz, 2011). This frequency shows that it is the most scorching issue in our society and around world that compels me to review this issue through my paper. Causes of divorce There is a temporality in the world that every cause precedes an effect. Similarly, there are certain causes that may leads to dissolution of the marital bond. There is no similar cause for every divorce. Frolick, (2011) as cited in Khurshid, Khatoon, Khurshid, (2012) affirms that, â€Å"every divorce is unique like a snow flake†. There is an increasing rate of divorce in Pakistan, and the few prevalent reasons are; Lack of sacrifice, forced marriages, greed, Joint family system, difference in social status and highly career oriented women (Khurshid, Khatoon, Khurshid, 2012). There are incompatible differences between partners that become necessary for the person to get divorced. Lack of communication, poverty, difference in education level, any kind of abuse (physical, emotional, verbal or sexual), disloyalty, early marriages, mismatch (sexual, intellectual and emotional), sexual dysfunction or disease and drug addiction can also be the contributing factors of divorce (Khurshid, Khatoon, Khurshid, 2012). According to Ali, Assad, Mogren, Krantz, (2011), there is a theoretical model that helps to depict the causes of intimate partner violence (IPV) that in my opinion, can leads to separation. These include psychopathological, sociological, gender, and family systems theories. Sociological theories portrayed that low education, economic vulnerability and stress can leads to conflict. Gender theories states the cultural and social construct of gender, where man have power and superiority, while women have inferior status that makes women dependent and vulnerable for violence. Furthermore, in my opinion, uncertainty and hesitation towards spouse can be a risk factor and it was the main cause of divorce in my patient’s case. Moreover, psychopathological theory suggests that certain psychiatric diseases and disorders maybe a contributing factor. Likewise, family system theories revealed that lack of communication, ineffective problem solving can leads to violence. Therefore it can be assumed that these factors can ultimately lead to divorce. Consequences of divorce Consequences for the couple: Divorce can be both positive and negative. In my opinion, getting away from the stressful relationship could be helpful for a person. Individual can live happy life a head if they are not happy and satisfied with their existing marital life. Literature also suggests that those who ends their relation due to high conflict and violence and grasps an opportunity to change are happier in their later life (Waite Gallagher, n.d.). On the other hand, divorce can be a stressful event too. Initially, the divorced couple feels relaxed but as time passes, they become harsh, fragile and easy to break. They become socially isolated and anxious. Furthermore, men are at risk of substance abuse while women are more prone towards depression, poverty, loneliness and stigmatization (Waite Gallagher, n.d.). Literature suggests that regardless of poverty and depression, women get back from the trauma easily as compared to men (Amato Cheadle, 2005). Consequences for children: Attachment theory: The relation and attachment between parents and children is very important for personality development and intimacy in later life. According to John Bowlby theory of attachment cited in Fraley, (n.d.), there are three types of attachment i.e. secure, avoidant and resistant. In the first type of attachment, the child experiences unconditioned positive regard, loving, warm and responsive attitude of parents. It helps to build intimacy, empathic and supportive behaviors towards their partner and tends resolve their conflicts with constructive strategies. In avoidant attachment, parents shows demanding, disrespectful, critical and harsh attitude towards their children. It leads to jealousy, lack of intimacy and love in adulthood. The resistant attachment is the situation of jump in and out that means that the attitude of parents is unpredictable. This pursued the child to amalgamate completely with others and build their relations quickly but it cannot exist for long. The initial years of life is marked with physical, cognitive, language, social and emotional development and it is also vulnerable for acquiring negative things (McIntosh, 2011). The infancy is a very crucial time in which child develop trust in the world with healthy parenting (Americas Angel, 2011). After divorce, the custody of child is given to one parent due to which, the child lacks attention and care from other parent. For example, if an infant is separated from mother, the primary source of satisfaction in infancy, the child will end up in separation anxiety (Stuart, 2009). In my opinion it will develops mistrust in child for the real world. According to Erickson, preschooler stage is marked with initiative vs. guilt (Americas Angel, 2011). They suffers from depression, confusion, indulge in joyless play, desire for the absent parent, feel guilty and blame themselves for the conflict and divorce of their parents (Kruk, 2013). In my view, if parents don’t give attention to their children due to their marital conflicts and separation, this may develops avoidant attachment which subsequently leads to jealousy and lack of intimacy in later life. Likewise, school-age children build competency and mastery by participating more in academics. They make friends that play an important role in developing self-esteem in child (McLeod, 2008). Following divorce, children doesn’t interact with friends more, they suffer from sleep problems and have low grade academic performance (Ambert Vanier Institute of the Family, 2005). In my opinion, low grade results from lack of parental participation in academics and avoidance of children due to marital conflict. Adolescence (11-20 years) is a stage where drastic change occurs such as pubertal changes, peer relation and physical maturity. Stuart (2009) affirms that it is a period where child is moving towards adulthood, preparing for marriage, career, acquiring sets of values and an ethical system. According to Erickson, in this stage, an adolescent forms his own identity which helps to make intimacy in young adulthood. Consequences of separation are equal for both girls and boys (Department of Justice Canada, 1997). Furthermore, I have detected some sign and symptoms in patient and also supported by a literature, adolescents may feel anger, depression, anxiety and fear, and emotional distress, early or late menarche and blame themselves for separation of their parents. Garvin and colleagues (1991) cited in Avila(2013) affirms that children whose parent got divorce had higher rates of depression, sexual acting out, substance abuse, conduct disorders, school problems, and delinquent behavior a s compared to the children of intact family. Furthermore, according to attachment theory, child may feel avoidant and resistant attachment with parents’ that deteriorates academic performance. In my belief it is because of lack of participation of parents in school due to which child get demotivated and shows poor performance at school. According to Stuart (2009), the children face difficulty in identification of one parent as a victim and develop rejection for other. Literature suggests that parental separation also puts a child at risk for divorce (Amato Cheadle, 2005). They become pessimistic about their future intimate relation (Stuart, 2009). Therefore, I believe that this stage is very crucial and could have dangerous affects of suffering. Furthermore, it is also observed that if the custody of child is given to opposite sex parent, it can also lead to problematic circumstances. For example, in Pakistan’s context, if an adolescent girl is living with her father so she may face many problems at puberty because of lack of guidance from mother. Similar situation goes with boys. They cannot discuss their reproductive health problems with mother flexibly. Children might have problems in identification of their same-sex parents due to lack of interaction with non-custodial parents. On the other hand, the divorce can leave positive effects as well. The patient that I had encountered showed positivity and coped with in an appropriate manner. She became resilient, indulges in studies and showed good academic performance. Middleton, (n.d.) insists that child learn positivity and becomes resilient, adaptable, have self-confidence, shows empathy, and learn more through quality time spent with each parent separately. After adolescence, a person enters in adulthood phase where they make relations and start their own family. If the impact of parental divorce is positive, they are most likely to build good relation with their spouse and children. According to Erickson, they develop intimacy and generativity however, in my opinion, they will get isolated from society and family and experience despair because they haven’t achieved their goal due to parental conflict and separation. Recommendations As health care personnel, we need to support child during this traumatic event. It is important to help child in the grieving period. Friends and family member can play a significant role in it. Furthermore, we can involve child in different group work that help to alleviate the depressive symptoms and provides opportunity to deal with pre and post divorce stress. Besides we can support child in reframing their perception about divorce and help to modify their thoughts into positivity. Avila (2013) states that it can be attain with Psycho-educational and counseling which help child to cope with the reality and impacts of separation. Cognitive behavioral therapy can be given to child in order to change their negative thinking (Avila, 2013). Indulge child in activities to divert their mind from stressful situation to the relaxed situation such as sports. Show empathy towards child to make them realize that they are not alone in this situation. Moreover we can refer child to those who h as coped with parental divorce appropriately. In my opinion, it is also important to teach family to support child during this period. Instruct family and custodial parent to allow child to maintain relation with the absent parent. Allow child to choose with whom they wants to live. Guide them not to discuss about the absent parent in front of child otherwise it will make child more depressed. Parents are required to fulfill the need of child and spend more time with them. In conclusion, the inter-parental relation plays an important role in the development of child. They can influence both positively and negatively. Good parental relation can enhance well-being of a child otherwise it will disrupt the development of child. Divorce is the legal separation of spouses. It has both positive and negative impact on the couple as well on their children. Additionally, child will have psychological, behavioral, social, physical and emotional problem in their development. Every stage is very crucial but adolescences are at greater risk to be affected with parental separation as it provides identity to children which help to develop intimacy in later life. By following above mentioned strategies, children can cope up with this painful event smoothly.

Misrepresentation and the Ethical Decision to “Embellish”

Applying for a job is one of the most challenging processes most adults have to undertake. It generally requires an individual to display his or her best qualities in order to create a lasting impression that would make an employer convinced that he or she is right and qualified for the desired job. However, there are times when people get desperate for a job, its high-paying salary, and benefits that misrepresentation in job applications takes place. This is a common practice experienced by employers.This act of false presentation of the self through resumes and personal interviews can theoretically be explained by the psychological idea of establishing a social identity. This social identity that an individual creates is bound to represent him or her in front of the social environment where he or she belongs. In this process of building a social identity or social â€Å"self,† an individual creates a concept of a â€Å"front† which Erving Goffman describes as one†™s representation of performance that can be judged by others depending on the how pleasant and how well-represented the front is (cited in Barnhart, 1994).It may include writing falsely about one’s personal job experience (writing better ones even though the person did really have such experiences), about awards and honors, and even about one’s personal identity. One can easily understand the logic behind the practice of misrepresenting oneself with made-up experiences, achievements, and identity—people do this in order to present themselves in the best way possible and obtain their dream job.However, this act of embellishing one’s resume or profile to make it more appealing to the eyes of the employer also involves several risks. Aside from the possibility that one might get caught immediately and lose the chance of being interviewed, embellishing resumes can also cause him or her to lose his or her job during the time when the person is already worki ng and loving his or her job. In addition to this, misrepresenting oneself may also lead to a damaged reputation (Safani, 2008).Credibility and honesty are two of the most important values an employer always seeks from job applicants. These values do not just build trust but also assures the employers and the company that their members and staff do not have any tendencies of committing fraudulent acts which can possibly involve the company in the future. Thus, the building of trust and confidence between an employer and a future employee starts in the process of application.An applicant’s credibility shall be first tested at that moment when the application requirements have been passed and the employer checks on the requirements to know about the applicant. Hence, this is the crucial time to build up one’s self in a legal, truthful way to be able to develop and maintain that confidence and reputation. In turn, this will enhance a person’s employment history whi ch can further help him or her in future job applications

IKEA Children Labor Reaction

After the publication of the documentals that showed and proved that IKEA used children labor for the production of it's company in India IKEA was forced to react, to try to stop the media crisis and to be concerned and active to stop children labor in non-developed countries like India. The first reaction when all the information appeared was to deny it, saying that IKEA never contract companies that use children labor to do their products, but they accepted the possibility that maybe the companies they were contracting, sub-contract at the same time other corporations that could have children working for them.The spokesperson for IKEA defended the company, saying the contract with its suplier in the Philippines and India has been suspender, when under-age children were found to be making wicker baskets. But that was only the first reaction but sure not last. From that point IKEA changed the way of acting, taking more seriously this aspect and having it as a principal part of the co mpany and of the foundation IKEA owns. From that IKEA addressed the event and it â€Å"sent a legal team to Geneva to seek input and advice from the International Labor organization on how to deal with the problem.Also the company â€Å"added a clause to all supply contracts, stating simply that if the supplier employed children under legal working age, the contract would be cancelled†. This clause, a two-pages code of conduct, is based on the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989). The third thing IKEA decided to do is to contract a Third-party that controls and take care of avoiding child labor practices at its suppliers in India and Pakistan. This action was very profitable for the company because it showed a different point of view and favored good publicity and made thing seem fairer from the public's view.In that way the bussines manager of the corporation did some research with well known organizations like Save the Children ( an organization that received on May 15 of 2012 a pledge of $10 million to end child labor in India cotton industry) or UNICEF to get advice. With all that information the manager could travel around the world, see the real situation and developed a label certifying that the carpets to which it was attached were made without the use of child labor.

Project Guidance Format for M.B.A. Essay Example

Project Guidance Format for M.B.A. Essay Example Project Guidance Format for M.B.A. Essay Project Guidance Format for M.B.A. Essay A Project Report on â€Å" â€Å" At Company name Submitted to University of Pune In Partial Fulfilment of Degree of MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION 201-/1- By Student Name [pic] [college name] DECLARATION I, the undersigned honestly declare that, this Project Report entitled â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬  is a genuine and bonafide project prepared by me in partial fulfilment of degree of Master of Business Administration of University of Pune. The Project work is original and the conclusions drawn herein are based on the data collected and analyzed by me. To best of my knowledge, the matter presented in this project has not been submitted and award of any degree, diploma or membership either to this or any other Institute or University. Place: Pune Date: (Sign Name student) â€Å"Certificate on company’s letterhead† CERTIFICATE This is to certify that (Name of the Student) a student of (Name of the college) perusing MBA under Pune University has successfully completed a project on (title of the project) in (name of the department) for the period of . weeks that is from (start date) to (end date) in partial fulfilment of requirements of Degree of MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION. We have found him /her to be dedicated and sincere. Signature (Name designation) Date: (Seal of the company) INDEX |Sr. No. |CONTENTS |Page No. | |1 |ACKNOWLEDGMENT | | |2 |LIST OF TABLES | | |3 |LIST OF FIGURES | | |4 CHAPTER I | | |5 |CHAPTER II | | |6 |CHAPTER III | | |7 |CHAPTER IV | | |8 |CHAPTER V | | |9 |BIBLIOGRAPHY | | |10 |ANNEXURE | | ACKNOWLEDGMENT I express great pleasure in introducing my project entitled â€Å"-â€Å"is a successful outcome of co-operation of many entities. This the platform , where I would like to express my gratitude to all those, who were directly or indirectly involved in completion of this study. I take this opportunity to express my most sincere and heartfelt gratitude to Mr : Tables may be more or less depending upon the tables in each chapter . They should be in minimum words They should indicate scope of the study They should drive the research Project 6. Research Hypotheses The point should cover the following: A Hypothesis is a tentative generalization – the validity of which remains to be tested. Specify research hypotheses that you wish to investigate in this study. They should be clear, specific precise. They should state the relationship of variables. They should be simple They should be limited in scope. They should be testable statements. They should be in minimum number 7. Scope of the Study The point should cover the following: Specific mention should be made of the rational scope of the research problem of the project, such as: Geographical scope of the study. The topical scope of the study. The functional scope of the study Chapter II Profile of the Organization This is the second chapter of the project, which should en velop the following points : 2. 1 Current status of the company 2. 2 Future plans of the Organization 2. 3 Any other relevant information of the Organization The detail descriptions of these points are as under: 2. 1 Current status of the company The Point should cover the following: Current market position of company should be given. Current financial positions of company should be given Reasons for profit/loss should be discussed. Marketing strategies should be listed. 2. Future plans of the Organization The point should cover the following: Future plans of company if any should be specified 2. 3 Any other relevant information of the Organization. This point should cover the following: Any other relevant information regarding the company should be given. Chapter III Research Design and Methodology A good research design ensures against wasteful expenditure of time, money and energy. Thus chapter should contain information on the following points : 3. 1 Sampling Design 3. 2 Source and methods of Data collection 3. 3 Methods of data analysis and statistical Techniques 3. 4 Key concepts and definitions 3. 5 Limination of the Study The detail description of these points are as under : 3. 1 Sampling Design This point should cover the following: Define population with reference to project Sampling unit should be specified Sampling frame should be defined Sample size should be defined Sampling Procedure Statistically /Judgement should be defined Know the budgetary constraints. Understand sampling errors. An explanation of the determination of size and type of sample will also be necessary Proposals not requiring a sample selection should specify their strategy appropriately and describe the rationale. 3. 2 Source and methods of Data collection This point should cover the following : The different types of data that are proposed to be gathered and to be used sho uld be specifically mentioned. Data collection methods may be as: Sources of Primary Data collection ? Observation, ? Field Observation ? Interview schedule, ? Questionnaire, ? Discussion, Sources of secondary data collection : ? Abstract database, ? Full text database, ? Online database, ? Unpublished database, The sources for each type of data and the tools and techniques that will be used for collecting different types of data should be specified. 3. 3 Methods of data analysis and statistical Techniques : The point should cover the following Different types of data analysis techniques used in the research project should be specifically mentioned. Such as: ? Basic analytical tools, which include Tabular Analysis, Graphical Analysis, Percentage Analysis, or Ratio Analysis etc. should be specified. ? Project students can use some advanced techniques in the project for data analysis which includes Regression Analysis, Multivariate Analyses, ANOVA etc. , Should be specified. 3. 4 K ey concepts and definitions: This point should cover the following: If some special technical terms used in the research project, those terms should be defined clearly. 3. 6 Lamination of the Study This point should cover the following: Major limitations of the study should be specified. Chapter IV Data Presentation, Analysis and interpretation This chapter should contain information on the following points: 4. 1 Getting data ready for analysis 4. 2 Data analysis 4. 3 Interpretation of results 4. 4 Discussion on results derived 4. 5 Research Questions Answered The detail description of these points is as under: 4. 1 Getting data ready for analysis Editing data Handling blank responses Coding data Categorizing data Creating data file Programming 4. 2 Data analysis Present data in tabular forms : i. Frequency table ii. Response tables iii. Contingency tables iv. Unvaried tables v. Bivariate tables vi. Statistical tables vii. Time series tables All tables should have technical features, such as : i. Table Number ii. Title of the table iii. Captions ( columns Heading) iv. Stubs( Row heading) v. Table Body vi. Head Body vii. Foot Note Feel for the data (Optional) depending on type of data 1. Use Basic of statistics such as i. Frequencies ii. Mean iii. Standard Deviation iv. Coefficient of Variation v. Correlation vi. ANOVA ii. Etc. 2. Get the basic findings / inferences. 4. 1 Interpretation of results Feel what findings / results are Mean what findings say Read whink and present the inference 4. 2 Discussion on results derived : Link the objectives with results of the data Implications of findings Personal perspective of the students on derived results 4. 3 Research Questions Answered: Feel the research questions are answered Draw and Develop conclusions or generalisations Chapter V Findings and Suggestions This chapter should cover the following : 1. Main Findings 2. Policy Suggestions 3. Scope for further research 1. Main Findings Findings are st atements of factual information based upon the data analysis List all the major findings of the project serially Put the findings in sequence of the study 2. Policy Suggestions Policy Suggestions or Recommendations should flow from the findings They should be very rational and practical They should be specific They should be indicative 3. Scope for further research Project study should indicate scope for further research III) Terminal Items : This point should cover the following points : 1. Bibliography 2. Appendices Questionnaires or Interview Schedules Complex Tables Technical Note 3. Glossary terms 4. Index Bibliography : A bibliography is the listing of the work that is relevant to the main topic of the research interest arranged in the alphabetical order of the last names of the author (s). A reference list is a subset of the bibliography, which includes details of all the citation used in the literature survey and elsewhere in the report, arranged again, in the alphabetical order of the last names of the author(s). At least three modes of referencing are followed in the business research. These are based on the format provided in the publication manual of the American Psychological Association (APA), (2001), the Chicago Manual Style (1993), and the Turabian style (1996). Each of these style specifies with examples, how books, journals, newspapers, dissertations and other documentation materials are to be referenced in the manuscript. Since the APA format is followed for referencing by many journals in the management area, the monograph will highlight the distinctions in how books, journals, newspapers, dissertations and other documentation materials are referenced using APA format as specimen referencing format below : Book by single Author : 1. Benni, Basavaraj, S. , (2005) Dairy Cooperative Management and Practice, Rawat Publication, Jaipur Book by more than one author : 1. Krishnaswamy, K. N. , Appa, Iyer, Sivakumar, Mathirajan. M. , 2006), Management Research Methodology : Integration of Principles, Methods and Techniques, Pearson Education, New Delhi. More than one Book by the same author : 1. Roy, A. , (1998a) Chaos theory, McMillan Publishing Enterprise, New York. 2. Roy, A. , (1998b) Classic Chaos, McMillan Publishing Enterprise, New York. M ore than one Book by the same author : 1. Pennathur, A. , Leong, F. T. , Schuster, K (Eds), (1998), Style and substance of thinking, Paradise Publishers, New York. Chapter in the edited book : 1. Benni, Basavaraj, S. , (2007), Infrastructural Development and Regional Disparity – A Comparative District Level Analysis in Karnataka, in Dash L. N. (Ed ) Economics of Infrastructure, Regal Publication, New Delhi. Journal Article : 1. Benni, Basavaraj, S. , (2006), Sugar Factory Efficiency Measurement : Application of Data Envelopment Analysis – A New Insight for Managers, Paradigm, The Research Journal of Institute for Management and Technology, Vol. X, No. 2, July – December. Conference Proceedings Publication : 1. Benni, Basavaraj, S. , (2007), Status of Public Services in Karnataka – A Comparative District Level Analysis, in Shahu, A. , (Ed), Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Services Management, Oxford Brookes University IIMT New Delhi . Doctoral Dissertation : 1. Benni, Basavaraj, S. (2001), Dairy Co-Operative Societies in Karnataka, unpublished doctoral dissertation, Karnatak University, Dharwad. Paper presentation at conference : 1. Benni, Basavaraj, S. , (2004, August 27th to 29th), Empowering Decision Making Capacity of Global Corporate Managers through Econometric Tools, paper presented a for â€Å"Best Research Paper Competition† in 16th Annual Management Education Convention, conducted by Association of Indian Management Schools, Goa. Government Publication : 1. Ministry of Law, Government of India, (1960), The Copyright Act, 14 of 1957, Delhi Unpublished Manuscript : 1. Pringle, P. S. , (1991), Training and Development in 90s, unpublished manuscript, Southern Illinos University, Diamondale, IL.

The Gender Differences in Conflict essays

The Gender Differences in Conflict essays The purpose of my research is to examine the differences between men and women when it comes to conflict in their relationships. I am defining a relationship as a friendship, romantic, or unromantic association. Conflict is something that is generally present at one time or another during a relationship. If a conflict is not resolved, this could lead to the dissolution of the relationship. By examining the differences in the way each gender handles conflict, conflict should be easier to overcome. Not only how each gender handles conflict, but how each perceives it as well. If there is a significant difference in the way men handle x conflict and women handle x conflict, this can be used as a tool by knowing how each other will react. Research on this topic is important because most people are involved in relationships that will go through conflict at some point in the association. No matter how educated one is, conflict is going to be an obstacle to overcome. Knowing the gender diff erences when it comes to conflict will helps us explore methods and techniques that can be used to resolve conflicts. Conflict is a natural part of a relationship. Conflicts can occur in even the healthiest relationships. Unfortunately, conflict always seems to have such a negative connotation to it. Understanding conflict can make you a better communicator in your personal relationships. Present studies suggest that women are more likely than men to assert themselves when attempting to resolve a relationship conflict (Hojjat, 2000). Men, however, tend to avoid direct conflict and engage in conflict management behaviors that range from conciliatory to avoidant (Hojjat, 2000). My belief is that this can come down to the biological innate differences within men and women. It has been suggested (Hojjat, 2000) that women can cope with conflict within the context of strong negative affects much more competently than can men. Men rec...

Volunteer Tourism but you can choose any subject relative to tourism Essay

Volunteer Tourism but you can choose any subject relative to tourism - Essay Example Some of the subjective factors are age, education, economic status, gender, etc and the objective factors are cultural, social, economic, environmental ones. Indeed a volunteer tourist’s perception of a destination is supposed to be influenced by both subjective and objective factors. An in-depth knowledge of the factors that influence the tourist demography’s perception of destinations can help both the entrepreneurs and the academicians in this sector. Rationales for the Research In current tourism discourses, ‘volunteerism’ or ‘volunteer tourism’ is a nascent idea that is related to a wide range of socioeconomic, cultural and environmental concerns. During these days, the growing individual interest in the alluring yields of alternative tourism in response to the lacks of mass tourism has drawn increasing academic as well as commercial attention to the idea of volunteer tourism. On one hand, modern tourism industry increasingly shifts its at tention from the conventional mass tourism to the volunteer tourism utilizing the consumers’ interest in unique tourism experiences and on the other hand, the frontiers of tourism industry are constantly confronted with the socioeconomic, cultural and environmental concerns while propounding an all embracive definition, of volunteer tourism, that necessarily will define its relationships with those concerns. Since the term â€Å"volunteer tourism† is more of the generalization of a tourism concept that serves as an alternative to the concept of a mass conventional tourism, it appears to be the premise for other particular tourism products such as ecotourism, cultural tourism, adventure tourism, etc that include volunteer components and authenticity of experiences more than conventional mass tourism can offer. Indeed though the tourism industry and its role as direct tourism service providers are quite adaptable with the concept of mass tourism, tourist industry and vol unteer tourism are conceptually contrastive with each other, since volunteer tourists want to â€Å"benefit from displaced self-understanding and the freedom to go beyond the limits that frontiers [of tourism industries] present† (Wearing, 2001:2). Therefore, whereas mass tourism allows the operators of tourism industries to exert control over the tourists’ activities to adhere to the socio-cultural and environmental protection protocols, to an extent that is greater than the volunteer tourism products allow the operators, since the freedom-zeal expected by the volunteer tourists is in direct contrast with such control. It seems that the tourism industry operators are thrown in endless struggle to make them more flexible and adaptable with these expectations meet the tourists’ expectations freedom to go beyond the limitation of conventional tourism industry, as Igor Ackerberg and Parkpoom Prapasawudi say, â€Å"Currently, the sector is moving toward higher comm ercialization with more profit-oriented companies offering volunteer tourism packages, making the study of volunteer tourists’ perception

Marketing and Social Networking Web Sites Essay

Marketing and Social Networking Web Sites - Essay Example It's a straightforward concept that assists build integrity when you are able to put a face to the messenger. Social networking sites like Facebook and MySpace have turned out to be the party lines in this 21st century. They are attractive and fascinating and a powerful tool for communication between people. Learning the way to use them intelligently for marketing can add to any businesses profile. Social networking Web sites provides an important media channel for broadcasting to a diverse demographic, ranging from teens and young to adults, women, moms, prosperous consumers, to elder individuals. In fact experts suppose U.S. ad expenditure on social networks to rise by about 200% by 2011. Consumers react less to conventional media and advertising, and are changing towards consumer-to-consumer communication including mobile messaging, blogging, word-of mouth marketing, similarity shopping sites, and peer-to-peer networks. Study shows that 80% of consumers belief in the advice from online friends, representing thrice as much trust compared to through traditional media. Additionally, one of every three users of the internet visits Web sites comprising of user-generated stuff to aid make purchase choices (Ward, 2007, 3). There are several companies, including P&G, Morgan Chase, Toyota, Unilever and JP Burger King that have successfully leveraged their marketing communications through social networking Web sites to accomplish different marketing strategies. These social sites permit people to communicate freely on anything. However, most significantly allow people to share knowledge that might be helpful to both parties. Numerous common things shared via these sites are fashionable recipes, sites to visit, trustworthy mechanics in their area, superlative place to acquire a steak and still great areas to go fishing. A number of the most well known and established Networking sites comprise of MySpace, SlingAd Videos, Facebook, YouTube, and Twitter. Social Media on the internet is a vast untapped source of leads, projections and partners to business and the good news with this is they are FREE. Thus, in order to take advantage of the social media madness, businesses have to recognize how precisely to monetize this critical untapped resource of prospective business partners. Numerous Online business proprietors have learned the way to establish a Blueprint of themselves over the internet with the rationale of presenting to their consumer that they have used up the time perhaps writing articles, redistribution videos and presenting photos of themselves and their relatives in order for this new consumers not to be intimidated when they contact them through either email or calls. This enables the consumers to easily be capable of

Marketing transportation homework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Marketing transportation homework - Essay Example 2. The two logistic activities that I have settled on include the communication and the transaction processing in companies. The internet has influenced these sectors to a large extent, some being positive while others negative. For instance, communication has been improved and the presence of smart phones has enhanced even attendance in meetings without the presence of an individual. The transactions that exist and occur in businesses has developed to be online. Some issues like theft have come up as many individuals are lured into believing that the sellers are genuine while in real sense are being duped. These issues are quite surprising as one gets to realize that, just like any other solution, the internet has its demerits too. 3. There are many macro level challenges that have come up as a result of technological advancements. For instance, lack of good record keeping due to lack of attending meetings, the opposition to technological development faced by the managers from the employees. The other challenge includes the introduction of more portable devices yet this makes the information more insecure as the level of being prone to theft is much higher and increased. 1. The corporate level strategy is aimed at overseeing the management of the company, the objectives and aims of the business and the type of business in the company. The strategic level plays the role of intermediaries between the business and the managers. They develop strategies and match the needs with the people who will perform the functions to attain the goals of the company. The functional level is where the real work is done. This is the section whereby the logistics and calculations are performed in terms of the objectives of the company. 2. Logistic strategy is not directly connected to the corporate strategy but is influenced through the strategies of the business

Jean Piaget Essay Example for Free

Jean Piaget Essay My own beliefs about early childhood education are based upon the knowledge that childrens growth is developmental. It seems very clear to me that a high quality early childhood program must provide a safe and nurturing environment which promotes a broad spectrum of support for the childs physical, social, emotional, and cognitive development. I strongly agree with the tenets of the National Association for the Education of Young childrenthat high quality, developmentally appropriate programs should be available to all children (Bredekamp Rosegrant, 1992, p. 7). Children under the age of eight have enormous potential for growth and achievement, and it is my belief that they have rights to fulfill their possibilities. A separate statement of the NAEYC divides the concept of appropriateness into two aspectsage appropriateness and individual appropriateness (Bredekamp, 1987, p. 2). This statement coincides with my belief that children are unique individuals who may or may not reflect the usual characteristics of other children of their same age. Furthermore, I believe that a developmentally appropriate curriculum for young children is correctly tailored to the specifics of each age group. Different ages have different needs, interests, and developmental tasks, and the curriculum should reflect those variations. The most effective early childhood curriculum offers creative expression, social and emotional interaction, child-adult communication, child-child communication, physical expression, knowledge acquisition, reasoning practice, risk-taking, and personal autonomy. Early childhood learning happens through play. In this case, play is a serious matter, although it is quite fun to all involved. Children learn by doing and actively participating. When given the opportunity to explore, children flourish. They experiment, make choices, achieve strength and a sense of belonging as an effective individual within the context of a supportive, safe group. It is my belief that early childhood learning must happen in an integrated manner. Children of this age are too young for rigidly separated subject matter, and the skillful teacher of young children easily integrates the physical, emotional, social, creative, and cognitive areas of early learning. Role of Child as a Learner Johann Pestalozzi and Froebel, two of the earliest professionals in early childhood education, championed the development of the quality of early childhood theory and practice. Pestalozzi contended that young children learn most effectively by doing, by playing, and by interacting with the environmentthe physical world and other children (McCarthy Houston, 1980, p. 4). Early, effective learning happens best in a mixed age group, multi-cultural settings,  Froebel, like Pestalozzi, believed that play is of paramount importance in the development of the child, and that the emotional quality of the childs life (relationship with parents and other significant people) profoundly permeates the quality of the childs life (McCarthy Houston, 1980, p. 6). Pestalozzi did not particularly formalize his theories and methods, but he had a very good intuitive grasp of the necessity for language development, nurturing environments, and healthy relationships for children as a springboard for optimum learning. The child as a learner has cognitive needs, and these vary according to the age of the child. Piaget became famous for his work in the cognitive domain, and his guidelines of pre-operational thought to more sophisticated abstract thinking are useful for teachers who wish to be careful about not expecting too much from children who are operating at a lower cognitive level (DeVries Kohlberg, 1987, p. 54). His work was rather theoretical, and others (principally Kamii and DeVries) have expanded Piagets theory to widen its practical usefulness in early childhood classrooms. The young child learns from the motivation of a need to know, and most early learning takes place in the context of the home and relationship with parents and other family members. Lev Semenovich Vygotsky, one of the earliest workers in the area of developmental psychology and psychopathology, believed that childrens learning happens within the framework of the childs activities and is greatly influenced by the society and values of the persons near the child. The entire field of child development then consists of an endless stream of dialectical conflicts and resolutions, with the resolutions then internalized to form the childs increasingly sophisticated physical and psychological knowledge (Thomas, 1992, p. 322). John Deweys progressive education movement greatly affected thinking and practice for teachers desiring to arrange an appropriate environment for young learners. Dewey was one of the most influential educational philosophers in the United States in the early 1900s and his influence is still felt in the 1990s (McCarthy Houston, 1980, p.6). Dewey and other forward-thinking professionals of his time believed that learning should be based upon the childrens interests and that children should be actively involved in their education. Before Deweys time, most classroom activity consisted of teachers instructing passive, obedient listeners. Deweys work provided a solid philosophical basis for early childhood educators who desire to integrate subject matter into whatever the children are actively involved with at the moment. Dewey contended that any kind of life experience is valuable for learning. Dewey was humanistic in his orientation, and his work spoke to the importance of human interest, value, and dignity (McCarthy Houston, 1980, p. 8). Abraham Maslow was one of the first psychologists to emphasize the importance of various needs being met before other, higher needs come into focus. He placed the physical needs at the bottom of his needs hierarchy, followed by the need for love and belonging. Physically, children at young ages grow and change dramatically from year to year, and the alert, educated teacher will firmly grasp the necessity of a balanced program of large muscle activity, small muscle play, outdoor opportunities for expression of vigorous excess energy, and small motor expressive activity (Bredekamp, 1987, p. 56). Psychologically, children must feel safe before they are able to explore and learn. Children learn through social interaction with adults and other children, and their learning begins with awareness, moving through cycles of exploration, questioning, and application. Vygotsky viewed each childs learning in terms of that childs own ontogenetic development. Each experience of the child comes about as a result of the childs prior experiences of problem-solving and problem resolution (Thomas, 1992, p. 323). Mitchell, a student of John Dewey, also emphasized the necessity of learning within the context of the group. She believed that education for a democratic society begins at a very young age and she placed great importance on young children learning to cooperate and operate within a group (McCarthy Houston, 1980, p. 9). Carl Jung did a great deal of research and writing in the areas of variation of personality types, and his concepts lead us to believe that some individuals do their best work completely alone, even at a very young age. Carl Rogers also wrote about the importance of the individual contemplative experience. Like Maslow, Rogers as a humanistic psychologist believed in the importance of the human, individual aspect of learning. He saw learning as a change in self-organization. These learnings may be threatening and happen best in a psychologically safe, supportive environment (Rogers, 1969, p. 159). Although Rogers work primarily applied to the therapeutic counseling situation, it has great application to anyone dedicated to assisting others learn more about themselves. Role of the Teacher in the Learning Process Carl Rogers also had definite views on the nature of learning and the role of the teacher. He said that people learn by doing and by activities which involve the whole person (Rogers, 1969, p. 162). He contended that the most useful learning is the learning of the process of learning so that practical problems of living in a changing society may find successful solutions. According to Rogers and others who have followed similar philosophies, teachers are guides and facilitators. They set a creative, stimulating, supportive environment which enhances the childs natural curiosity about life around him. The astute early childhood educator provides a variety of activities, objects, events, materials and people which will assist the children in channelling their innate drive to learn. The best teachers are current in the understandings of fads and characters that appeal to young childrentelevision shows, favorite foods, clothing, and stories that are modern. Young children tune out adults who simply do not understand current culture. In this way, responsible teachers bring multicultural awareness into the classroom as well as information and materials relevant to their own ethnic background. Mixed classrooms provide an excellent opportunity to teach trust, respect, pride, appreciation of differences, and orderly group problem-solving (McCracken, 1993, p. 55). The teacher sets the tone for self acceptance and the acceptance of others. The effective early childhood teacher is an active learner, regardless of her own age, and this type of professional engages children in active participation with materials that are genuinely interesting to the children. This type of adult extends the childs learning with skillful questioning and acceptance of error through experimentation. The well-versed teacher understands the various levels of cognitive learning, Piagets theories, and Blooms Taxonomy so that children are guided and encouraged, but never forced into an intellectual level that is not appropriate. Responsible early childhood teachers respect the individual styles of the students at all times, as well as the various cultures from which they originate. The emotional tone in the best early childhood environments is one of warmth, high self-esteem, and safety. Creative expression is welcomed, even if the forms prove to be highly unusual. Mitchell advocated creative expression of the whole child, through conversation, art, music, dance, and story-telling (McCarthy Houston, 1980, p. 9). Cooperative learning and family involvement provide rich resources for respect among individuals and groups of a variety of different cultures. Skillful teachers in multicultural settings will recognize those values which must be basic (respect for the human body and rules for group interaction) and encourage the expression of the varieties and nuances specific to the individual ethnic group (McCracken, 1993, p. 65). Role of Peers in Learning The National Association for the Education of Young Children strongly advocates the guidance of social-emotional development in the classroom. Teachers have the responsibility for positive modeling, encouraging expected behavior, redirecting inappropriate actions, and setting clear limits. With this type of skilled teaching, children learn the social skills of cooperation, helping, negotiation, and verbal communication. In order for these important social skills to happen, teachers must depart from the traditional modes of instructing, placing children at individual desks, and spending a great deal of time as referee or punisher (Bredekamp, 1987, p. 55). CLASSROOM PRACTICES It is evident from the previous writing that effective teaching requires the logical, ethical translation of teaching philosophy into classroom implementation. Most importantly, all activities for young children must be developmentally appropriate to the age (Bredekamp Rosegrant, 1992). This is true across the board in every subject matter and in every aspect of the childs beingphysical, emotional, social, cognitive, and spiritual. SUMMARY/CONCLUSION In order to be an effective early childhood teacher, I must know my own philosophy, limitations, prejudices, and strengths. In general, I prefer five-year olds, and honestly, I am more comfortable with students of this age who are from my own cultural background. I lean philosophically towards the concepts of Pestalozzi and Froebel as well as the humanistic psychologists who followed in this country. Most of all I strive to provide age-appropriate materials and experiences for the children. References Bredekamp, S. (1987). Developmentally appropriate practice in early childhood programs serving children from birth through age 8. Washington, D. C. : NAEYC. Bredekamp, S. , Rosegrant, T. (Editors) (1992). Reaching potentials: Appropriate curriculum and assessment for young children, Volume 1. Washington, D. C. : NAEYC. DeVries, R. , Kohlberg, L. (1987). Constructivism early education: Overview and comparison with other programs: Washington, D. C. : NAEYC. McCarthy, M. , Houston, J. (1980). Fundamentals of early childhood education. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Winthrop Publishers. McCracken, J. B. (1993). Valuing diversity: The primary years. Washington, D. C. NAEYC. Rogers, C. (1969). Freedom to learn. Columbus, Ohio: Merrill. Thomas, R. M. (1992). Comparing theories of child development, Third Edition. Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing Company.