Ashes for the Wind Essay

In the short story â€Å"Ashes for the Wind†, Hernando Tellez uses Juan Martinez to show that sometimes you have to make sacrifices in order to fight corruption and injustice. Through Juan, his wife Carmen and their baby, the author tries to show that people should not be pushed around and intimidated, which is why I think that Juan is a hero. To me being a hero can mean many things, wether it is to inspire, help or even take a stand and a first step towards something better and good; a hero is a hero and that’s who Juan is. He stood up to the authorities, even though at the time he may not have know or realized this, by sacrificing his life and his family’s, he sends a message and makes a point. Juan represents freedom, innocence and shows the corruption in the government. Freedom to vote for what you want and not what you are forced to; freedom to other farmers and people to make their own choices and not be thrown out, pushed away and punished because of corru ption or their votes. Innocence, in the fact that Juan and his family died an innocent death that was not deserved just because Juan voted for what he wanted and when the person who won turned out to be someone else they ordered his death under the suspicion that he was a resistor. These two things help to show the people that there is corruption in their government and that people aren’t being treated equally and fair, that someone has to do something about it and Juan took the first stand. He was a leader, a hero and for all we know could have been the reason for people to start a revolution, that eventually set things right again and saved lives of many people. It shows that through each action, not matter how big or small, we make our future.

Learning Experience Paper Essay

In this paper I will discuss my learning experiences and analyze them with the perspective of learning theories. I will analyze my learning experiences with regards to classical conditioning, operant conditioning and cognitive- social learning theory. First of all, I would begin by describing my experience of learning to fear lizards with regards to classical conditioning. To give some context to the situation, I was raised in India where lizards, usually in large numbers, are often found on walls particularly during the summer months. I strongly believe that my fear of lizards can be explained using Pavlov’s â€Å"classical conditioning†. Classical conditioning is the type of learning that occurs via making associations. In other words, Classical conditioning is a type of learning by which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response (Feist, 2008, p. 449). In addition, Clark (2004) in his article,† The Classical Origins of Pavlov’s Conditioning† gives a detailed insight at the origin of classical conditioning and the reasoning behind the change of Pavlov conditioning to classical conditioning (Clark, 2004). With regards to classical conditioning, I believe my fear of lizards can be traced back to my younger years. When I was in my childhood years, I heard my older sister always screaming every time she saw a lizard; the scream infusing a fear in me. The conditioning happened as follows: Initially when I saw the lizard, I always tried to stay away from them because I thought they were disgusting. But when I heard my sister screaming every time she saw the lizard, it scared me and eventually, I developed the fear of lizard. So, after hearing my sister screaming at the lizard multiple times, I realized that I myself have developed a fear of lizard. Since then, I had learned to associate loud scream with lizard and hence developed a fear of lizard. Therefore, I believe I have been conditioned to fear lizards. I believe the unconditioned stimulus is the lizard, the unconditioned response (fear), the conditioned stimulus (scream), and the conditioned response (fear of lizard). Also, I believe I have acquired behaviors through operant learning. My desire  to accomplish good grades and as a result, make my parents proud of my accomplishments can be traced back to my younger years. I strongly believe that my desire to get good grades and to make my parents proud can be explained by a learning called â€Å"operant conditioning†. Operant conditioning is a type of learning that occur when the reinforcement follows a particular behavior; hence increasing the likelihood that the behavior will occur again. In my case, when I was growing up I was always known to be a good student amongst my teachers and my family. Every time I had exams, I always did well and my parents always told me that if I get above a certain level grade, for instance being in the best three students in class, I will get a reward. The reward (reinforcement) meant that my parents threw a party as a result of being proud of my accomplishments. So, consequently I learned that every time I perform well in class, I got a reward (parents’ happiness). This in turn made my family proud of me and it reinforced me to do better next time; hence it increased the probability that the behavior would occur again. This is not to say that the reward caused me to behave in a certain way, instead the reward just increased the likelihood that the behavior will occur again. I believe my family approval acted as the positive reinforcement, as it strengthened my behavior. Interestingly, Research shows that operant conditioning can also be used in the treatment of chronic aphasia ( Sigurà °ardà ³ttir, 2006). Furthermore, I have also acquired learning experiences by using observation. In other words, I have learnt behaviors by observing what others do in a particular situation and then learned to perform the same behavior in that particular situation. For instance, when I first moved to Canada, I was not aware of how the supermarkets work in terms of the entire process of taking your own shopping cart to packing your own groceries. Also, I was not aware that most of the grocery stores require customers to bag their own groceries. But when I first experienced the western grocery market environment, I wasn’t sure how everything was supposed to work, so I observed how other people performed the task. When I went to the checkout I saw people unloading their groceries and afterwards, packing it as well. Therefore, I realized how the process worked and I found myself performing the task just as I saw other customers performing. In the end, I recognized  that I have acquired this task by looking at how other people are behaving and hence by observing them, I learnt to perform in the same manner. I strongly believe that media plays an important part in the learning process. As younger kids spend plenty of time in front of their TV’s and computers ( internet, video games), they are more likely to experience adult material such as foul language, violence, kissing amongst other things sooner than their parents generation. Also, if they encounter these adult material sooner in their lives, it also has implications on their social behavior, desensitization of violence, rape, shootings and so on. Moreover, prejudice also plays an important role in learning. For instance, teenagers are stereotyped as misbehaving, violent, and arrogant group and if the society sees them stereotypically, the teenagers are going to learn that such an egotistical behavior is probably how they should be, even if they are not. Hence they would learn to behave in such arrogant ways so that they can fit into the stereotypical picture that has been made by the media and the society. In conclusion, classical conditioning is a type of learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus (NS) becomes paired (associated) with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) to elicit a conditioned response (CR) ( Feist, 2008, 449).This type of conditioning was introduced by Ivan Pavlov and hence also called Pavlovian conditioning. Some of the main components of Classical conditioning are: neutral stimulus (NS), unconditioned stimulus (UCS), unconditioned response (UCR), conditioned stimulus (CS), and conditioned response (CR).Operant Conditioning, on the other hand, is a type of learning in which voluntary responses are controlled by their consequences. If a behavior is reinforced, it increases the probability that the behavior will occur again. Some of the basic principles of operant conditioning are: Positive Reinforcement, Negative Reinforcement, Shaping, Positive Punishment, and Negative Punishment. Interestingly, Research shows that human infants are also capable of learning â€Å"operant discrimination† (Simmons, 1964). Lastly, Cognitive-Social learning theory emphasizes the roles of thinking and social learning in behavior (Carpenter, 2008). There are different types of learning that takes place: insight learning, latent  learning, and observational Learning. A perspective that emphasizes the roles of thinking and social learning is behavior. Therefore, classical conditioning, operant conditioning and cognitive social learning are all forms of learning’ hence called learning theories. Also, Classical and operant conditioning share many of the same basic principles and procedures. Some of those basic principles are: acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, and stimulus generalization. References. Carpenter, S. & Huffman, K. (2008). Visualizing Psychology. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Clark, R. (2004). The Classical Origins of Pavlov’s conditioning. Integrative Physiological & Behavioral Science, Oct-Dec2004, Vol. 39 Issue 4, p279-294. Retrieved on April 2, 2009 from EBSCO host database. Feist, J., & Feist, G. J. (2008) Theories of Personality (7th edition). New York: McGraw-HillSigurà °ardà ³ttir, G; Sighvatsson, B (2006). Operant conditioning and errorless learning procedures in the treatment of chronic aphasia. International Journal of Psychology, Vol. 41 Issue 6, p527-540, 14p.Retrieved on April 2, 2009 from EBSCO host database. Simmons, W (1964). Operant Discrimination Learning in Human Infants, Child Development Vol. 35 Issue 3, p737. Retrieved on April 2, 2009 from EBSCO host database

Autism and Special Education Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Autism and Special Education - Research Paper Example The paper is organized into several sections starting with the introduction, which provides an overview of the topic and purpose of review. The next section identifies positive behavior patters plans for autism. This will be followed by the section on PBS plans for special education teachers dealing with children with autism. The next section will identify and discuss evidence-based practices applied by special education teachers providing PBS interventions for children with autism. This will be followed by a section that presents related research studies. Finally, the paper will end with the discussion section that will identify the main implications for special education teachers providing PBS interventions for children with autism. As the report declares the success of the PBS program is based on several things. Some of these include administrative support, policy alignment, capacity and skills of support providers, consistency with overall vision, values, and mission of the system, collaboration among stakeholders, and availability of resources. All these factors can affect the implementation and success of the PBS intervention. Children with autism are unique in the sense that they are more vulnerable to acquiring challenging behaviors that could interfere with their development, learning, and functioning. Such challenging behavior can be categorized into disruptive behaviors or repetitive behaviors.

Investigating the environemtal impacts from plastic bags Research Paper

Investigating the environemtal impacts from plastic bags - Research Paper Example The Case Against Plastic Bags The manufacturing process requires 12 million barrels of oil per year, creating over 100 billion plastic shopping bags (Gamerman). With only about a 5% recycling rate (inspiration green), the landfills will overflow with bags that are not recycled or reused. A number of wildlife groups report discarded plastic bags are eaten by a variety of land and sea creatures with fatal effects. These concerns and other create the larger argument for environmental stewardship: The Tragedy of the Commons (Hardin, 1968) and TANSTAAFL (Dolan, 1971). Both of these writings warn of the economic â€Å"free rider† problem that is the bane of environmental stewardship The free rider problem refers to the polluting or overuse of the natural resources since no tax or fee is associated with dumping. The tragedy of the commons is the overuse and overgrazing of the common land. Since each herdsman wanted to maximize profits, they exploited the free grazing land by adding m ore and more cattle. Soon, the grazing land was destroyed, unable to recover and nobody could feed their cattle. The herdsmen who believed in proper stewardship either went broke or joined the others in selfish overuse. Pollution and contamination work the same way. Traditionally, industry would dump waste into rivers, bury toxins on site and spew horrid smoke into the air because the water, land and air were considered a common good; and companies could dump waste at â€Å"no cost†. With the Environmental Protection Agency and State environmental departments cracking down on polluters with fines and criminal penalties, this practice has abated, but does continue to a lesser extent. The neo-tragedy argument includes recycling and the after-effects of environmentally resilient products. TANSTAAFL (Dolan) originated in science fiction by Heinlein; the acronym means â€Å"there ain’t no such thing as a free lunch†. Dolan adopted the acronym in order to present his economic argument that pollution rights should be sold as an economic good. A calculation of the maximum mass of each pollutant potentially and immediately sorbed into the environment would lead to an inventory of polluting rights. These rights would be sold at auction to industries with a waste disposal problem. Other constituents would have to design non-polluting mechanisms to compete. Obviously, the cost of pollution would be set by the market. (Dolan) The money raised through the auction plus fines on pollution cheaters would pay for remediation. The plastic bag opponents take this argument one step further and assign responsibility for individual litter and recycling to the manufacturer. As much as 4% of trash in landfills consists of plastic bags. (DOE) As consumers use more and more plastic bags, even to contain trash, the landfills will take longer to naturally reclaim the natural resource of land. In an interesting study, small communal group, the Hutterites, were observed . (Hardin, 3) The finding was that when the colony size approaches 150, individuals begin to under-contribute and over-demand. Smaller groups manage by shame; however, larger groups lose that capacity. The commonistic approach of the Hutterites loses manageability in larger

Dario Argento Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Dario Argento - Essay Example In Titanic, in the depiction of the ship sinking, the imagery that resulted from the decor was so real, it’s like Cameron actually rebuilt the whole ship again and destroyed it, especially when the ship tilted and broke into two, and the diming of the lights in the whole ship. In Avatar lighting, the way the imagery in the battle was perceived was due to great combination of intensity, direction, and very high lighting quality. Since light affects the way colors are rendered, this was used to focus attention predominantly on particular aspects, for example, the eyes of both Jake and Quaritch. This captured fully the flaring emotional moment. In Titanic, lighting was used to show the clarity of the disaster and details of the ship wrecking, especially when almost half of the ship was submerged, while the other half was still above the water but slowly being engulfed. In Avatar, space, depth, proximity, size and proportions of both Jake and Quaritch were well manipulated in 3D. The acrobatics in the battle were enhanced primarily by this careful manipulation. It effectively determined the mood between them. Titanic’s shear size was also captured well in 3D, displaying magnificent details, especially when the ship slanted. ... Titanic’s depiction in aspects of costume in the scene was mainly in the falling off of passengers of different class as per their clothes, who were desperately clinging to the railings as the ship capsized (Passarella 10). In relation to implicit and explicit meaning in Avatar, viewers easily notice a very thinly veiled case scenario on the Iraq war, the US policy regarding terrorism, the inhumane actions based purely on greed in corporations, and environmental concern. There seem to be a reflection of the Israeli/Palestine conflict, as Jake depicts inferior fights, while Colonel Quaritch is seen using heavily armed and armored machines. Jakes decision and passion to fight his own way in defense of the Omaticaya is intriguing. Despite of having years of personal experiences with his kind, for example with colonel Quaritch, especially by virtue of being soldiers while having basically insignificant personal experiences with the Na’vi, Jake recognized the barbaric acts b eing committed against them and acknowledged the lack of correspondence between what he signed up to do, in relation to what his superiors like Quaritch were demanding of him. In Titanic, the ship was thought to be unsinkable, thus before setting out; a compromise was made regarding the number of lifeboats aboard the ship. When it began sinking, the richest got the first priority on the lifeboats, which did not carry the full passengers it could accommodate. While they waited in half-full lifeboats, they witnessed cries of people freezing to death, and didn't offer to help them. Since it came out in 1997, this film seem to depict the 1995 Rwanda genocide, which the able nations of the world just watched and did nothing to prevent the senseless killings of the poor people, since the rich already

None Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

None - Essay Example This paper will briefly describe the characteristic features of the Great Depression, compare the approaches of Hoover and Roosevelt to the economic and social turmoil, and explain Roosevelt's New Deal responses to the crisis. As a preliminary matter, the Great Depression was characterized by unprecedented levels of consumer debt, a decrease in international trade in the wake of the first World War, price deflation which compelled both individual and business debtors to cut spending while attempting to service higher than anticipated debt payments, a liquidity crisis which saw the money supply contract rather than expand, and a stock market crash as equity failed to yield anticipated returns (Bernstein, 1989: 33-35). In effect, stating the matter rather simply, money was disappearing on the income or loan side at the same time that debts and expenses were increasing. The consequences were disastrous. Unemployment increased, bankruptcies became commonplace, and huge migrations occurred as people sought new opportunities. There were too few resources for too many people; and where there were adequate resources; they were not allocated equally. President Hoover failed to grasp the pervasive nature of the economic failings; on the contrary, rather than approaching the crisis from a structural point of view, he chose to deal only with the more superficial symptoms of the crisis. More specifically, espousing a philosophical role of government which remained detached and aloof, Hoover refused to involve the government more directly into the market economy or social welfare. He was, in this way, a regulatory minimalist and he trusted that the business cycle and the American work ethic would sort out the crisis without substantial governmental intervention (Kennedy, 199: 56). These views became manifest as a policy of "avowed cooperation"; more particularly, Hoover encouraged certain reforms, such as bank deposit insurance, without supporting any more specific or comprehensive reforms. He was, in the final analysis, extraordinarily passive and ineffective in dealing with the scale of the disaster. President Roosevelt, on the other hand, was much more active and advocated a direct and deep intervention by the federal government. To this end, Roosevelt pursued structural reform, a broader notion of social welfare, and a governmental role in the economy which would increase demand and create jobs by entering into infrastructure contracts and becoming an active economic actor alongside individuals and businesses (Bremer, 1975: 642). Roosevelt distrusted both the free market and businesses in the forms espoused by theoretical purists; as a result, he approached the crisis from the point of view of the federal government helping to manage the business cycle and keeping the excesses of greed and capitalism at bay. Roosevelt was thus a reaction to the passivity and detachment of Hoover; his programs, incorporated as a part of the New Deal and the Second New Deal, remain important parts of our governmental structure and philosophy even today. The New Deal dealt first and foremost with restoring the integrity and the health of America's financial system; Roosevelt was thus forced to reform the powerful banks on Wall Street and elsewhere. This

Picot Question In Hospital Patients Research Proposal

Picot Question In Hospital Patients - Research Proposal Example There is a big difference between the use of specialty beds, dry visco-elastic polymer bed, and the standard beds for the patients with limited mobility especially with regard to pressure ulcers. The foam outlays on the specialty tables reduce the vulnerability to pressure ulcers compared to the standard beds, which lack such comfort. The specialty bed also has a visco-elastic polymer foam mattress, which absorbs energy hence preventing pressure ulcer as compared to the standard beds. The specialty beds provide extra relief through the use of technology in the creation of dynamic surfaces. This accommodates the patients who have limited mobility hence prevention of pressure ulcers. Maklebust & Sieggreen (2009) conjectures that the kinetic beds aid in the recuperation process of ulcer pressures unlike the standard beds. This is because this bed contains a material rotation mattress which rotates a patient from side to side in order to change the pressure points. Therefore, the kinetic specialty beds serve to prevent pressure ulcers unlike the standard beds. The kinetic specialty bed also contains alternating pressure mattresses whereby a patient lies on air-filled sacs. These sacs sequentially inflate and deflate resulting in alternation in pressure between the patient and the mattress. This leads to pressure at va rious body parts within a short duration hence reducing the span of high pressure on any part of the body at any time. The air loss specialty bed also helps in the prevention of pressure ulcers as compared to the standard bed. This is a bed whereby patients rest on air sacs through which warm air passes hence the creation of modulated warmth for the patients. Barnett (2006) asserts that the temperature of the air can be changed with regard to the need for the patient. In addition, the pressure of the pillows used in this specialty bed can be changed in a bid to redistribute pressure for the patient. In addition, this specialty bed provides continuous flow of air hence preventing formation of moisture on the surface of the patient’s body. This specialty bed also offers a low air loss mechanism; hence, prevention of pressure ulcers. The low air loss bed also reduces the pressure exerted on the mattress by the body. This specialty bed also enhances the dressing of the patients w ithout friction hence prevention of pressure ulcers. The low air loss aids in the prevention of pressure than the standard bed through improvement of the skin micro climate .This is achieved through the maintenance of a normal moisture level between the skin and the support surface of the patient. This specialty bed also regulates the body temperature of the patient. The air-flow beneath the patient’s skin helps in the reduction of pressure hence preventing pressure ulcers. This specialty bed also contains a micro-porous cover sheet which allows air onto the surface of the skin of the patient. This bed also contains granular material, which is used for supporting a patient on a porous covering sheet. According to Hopp & Rittenmeyer (2012), the other form of specialty bed is the combination of the air-fluidized and low-air -loss bed. This bed is designed in the sense that the lower part of the bed is filled with the fluidized component while the other half has the low air loss component. The head of this bed is adjustable hence it is can be adjusted for the patient’s comfort. However, it is lighter than the standard bed. This specialty bed reduces the pressure ulcers. The other feature of this bed is that it rhymes with the body contours. The specialty beds also are fitted with seat cushions which also serve to prevent pressure ulcers unlike the standard beds. This is possible given that this bed surface reduces the pressure that the weight of the patient’s body exerts on the skin when the patient is resting. This specialty bed also helps in the healing of developed pressure ulcers. The dynamic specialty beds utilize electricity or a battery in the

Compare life in a big city to life in a small town Essay

Compare life in a big city to life in a small town - Essay Example First, city life is different from small town life in their capacity to have access to government institutions. For instance, most people would prefer to be examined by more qualified doctors and be treated in hospitals which have advanced technological equipment which are found in large cities. Additionally, the quality of education offered in large cities is much better than that of small towns. This is because schools in big cities have better qualified teachers and the institutions themselves have far much better facilities compared to those in small towns. This brings up the concept of lifestyle as it will be outlined below. The kind of lifestyle that people experience in large cities is remarkably different from the everyday life that people in small towns are used to. For instance, in small towns, houses have sizable gardens and several pets. Furthermore, there is a respectable distance between houses in neighborhoods due to lack of congestion. However, in big cities, people generally live in high rise buildings. Also, large cities have better social amenities like cinemas, gyms and games compared to those found in small towns which makes the lifestyles of those staying in the big cities sophisticated (Inforbarrel, 2013). In the same way that these two environments differ in their lifestyles, so do they vary in their general atmosphere. The kind of atmosphere that one experiences in a large city and a small town are very different. Large cities are crowded with millions of people and thousands of vehicles, which bring about traffic jams, noise and environmental pollution. In contrast, the roads in small towns are usually quiet with countable vehicles and fewer people present. For this reason, the general atmosphere in the big towns is typically hot, stuffy and smoky. However, people experience a much clearer atmosphere in small towns due to manageable populations and also because

Politics course work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Politics course work - Essay Example The main principles of the cabinet government are as follows. The monarch (Queen Elizabeth II) has the power to appoint or dismiss any ministers to the government, although this is usually done ‘on the advice of the Prime Minister’ (Heyward, 2008, p20), meaning that the monarch has very little political influence. When these changes are made, this is referred to as a reshuffle, something which generally happens on a yearly basis. The cabinet are generally chosen from the current Prime Minister’s own political party, with the shadow cabinet – those who hold a corresponding role to those in the cabinet – being formed of the official opposition (the largest non-Governmental party, currently the Labour Party) (Heyward, 2008, p17). The various titles and duties held by the members of the cabinet (and the corresponding shadow cabinet) change depending on the demands of the UK population and the views of the currently elected premier. The currently appointe d cabinet government have weekly meetings to discuss potential and actual policy changes. These weekly meetings have ensured that the Institute of Government see the cabinet government as having a reduced capacity as a decision-making body (Blick & Jones, 2010, p97) due to their infrequency and short length. Despite this, however, it is the cabinet that makes policy decisions and thus hold all responsibility for these decisions. The various ministers and secretaries within the cabinet must exhibit public support for the decisions made for the government and all policy choices must be made collectively. In practise, many decisions can be and are delegated to the sub-committees of the cabinet, such as education, who carry out all research, present findings and seriously influence the final choice of the governmental cabinet (Heyward, 2008, p14). As previously mentioned, the cabinet is generally chosen from members of the current Governmental party, such as the Labour Party under Tony Blair (Kavanagh et al., 2006, pp32-34). The current Governmental party is chosen using the first-past-the-post system – the party with the most seats gains power, despite how many votes they may have in total. This system requires that the winning party holds at least 326 seats in Parliament to hold a majority, or else a hung parliament will occur. In the event of a hung parliament, it is necessary to create a coalition government of two or more political parties so that the total number of seats held by these parties totals at least 326. In the case of the 2010 elections, the Conservative Party won 306 seats and formed a coalition with the Liberal Democrats, who won 57 seats, giving a total of 363 seats. The shadow cabinet is thus formed from members of the Labour Party, who hold a total number of 258 seats (BBC News, 2010). The creation of this coalition government means that the current cabinet is formed from members of both the Conservatives and the Lib Dems. There are 18 cabinet ministers or secretaries from the Conservative Party and 5 from the Liberal Democrats (BBC News, 2010). This ratio must be maintained throughout Cameron’s premiership – if a Liberal Democrat leaves cabinet, another must be appointed in their place (Daily Telegraph, 2010). The traditional role of Prime Minister has also been affected – David Cameron currently holds the office, but Nick

Language Death Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Language Death - Essay Example The endangered languages badly need to be protected from being eroded and should be treated as a living heritage. In the globalized world of today, the endangerment of languages has presented them as anthropomorphic organisms, with lives independent of their speakers. Throughout the world; the emergence of regional and international economic networks have, blurred the national boundaries. The highly industrialized countries have exercised their economic monopoly and have thus, led certain world languages to compete as imperial or hegemonic while jeopardizing many others. Languages are capable of negotiating their coexistence on their own terms and it seems quite surprising at times that languages; which are reliably passed down through generations; still become extinct. Languages are parasitic species whose vitality depends on the communicative behaviors of their speakers, who in turn respond adaptively to changes in their socio-economic ecologies (Mufwene, 2002). These adaptations have resulted in language shifts, endangerment and destruction and it's not at all surprising when we come across or read about killer languages. The death of a language occurs when it's speakers decrease in number and gradually diminish, an is taken over by a killer or a leading language. A language killer is a dominant language which is learned at the cost of the mother tongue rather than in addition to it. Though the essential characteristic of a killer language in not to eradicate a language, but most major languages can be identified as killers and this process is sometimes called linguistic cannibalism, glottophagy or language cannibalism (Tove, 2000). English today is considered to be the primary killer language of the world as compared to other popular languages like Chinese, Russian and French, etc. and sign; or other less powerful smaller cultural languages. When the speakers of a language shift to another language, their native language is neglected and the new language takes over. When a language dies, it does not just disappear naturally, but the speakers leave them voluntarily either for their own good reasons o r for instrumental purposes. Globalization and Language Extinction The death of languages has usually been summoned by power as an important factor, which favored the language of the powerful over the less powerful nations and populations. During the past four centuries, this has been made more obvious by the European Colonization of the world, at least until the independence of the Asian countries and Africa, in the mid twentieth century. The economic relations of countries less industrialized, with their former colonial rulers, have been subject to the terms and language of their former rulers for economic exchange. The European languages have not only endangered the other languages but have been depicted as killer languages, about to replace all other languages (Crystal, 2000). In addition to this, a language is also endangered because it plays a vital role in the cost and benefit consideration; where the speakers need a particular language for socio-economic ecology. The survival of a language in the globalized economy can result in the giving up of a language for survival. A language can thus be doomed and eventually become extinct for the socio-economic benefits. For example, many African languages have recently lost not to political

Domestic workers in America Essay Example for Free

Domestic workers in America Essay In the United States of America a domestic worker is also known as a servant and most often they work and live within the household of their employers. The servants are very distinguishable from the slaves and the serfs since they receive payments for the work they do for their employers. The domestic workers have the freedom of leaving their employment at their free will. In the households which are large there are very many domestic workers who do different kinds of jobs. In America a butler is seen as the most senior domestic worker and he performs duties such as managing the other household servants as well as handling the wines. In America the female domestic workers are known as the maids. Their household chores range from; ironing, cleaning, cooking, washing, Purchasing the household drinks and foods, caring for the children, going together with the household head for the grocery shopping as well as taking the family dogs for walks if there are any. In most instances the domestic workers in America substitute the nursing role of caring for the elderly people in different households as well as taking care of those who have disabilities. (Anderson and Bowman 1993) The different domestic worker organizations in the United States of America The domestic workers union 2000 The domestic workers union was founded in New York by some elderly caregivers, housekeepers and some nannies from the Caribbean, Latin and the African countries. This organizations has a mission of empowering, respecting, and also subjecting the domestic workers to fair labor standards in America especially in the New York City. This organization also aimed at helping in the building of a movement which would end the exploitation and also the oppression of the domestic workers in America. The domestic workers union further supports the domestic workers who have suffered some violations and also abuse as well as violation of their rights in their work places. They also conduct some referrals, they make a provision for a direct support with the domestic workers employees and they at times organize some public support to the organizations members. The other domestic workers organizations in America assist in the protection of the rights and the dignity of the American domestic workers. Some of these organizations produce a contract which is standard for all the employers and the domestic workers including the employment agencies for the domestic workers. (Chow 1994) The domestic workers organizations in America offer some nanny training programs, the computer literacy programs and also some leadership training programs. Other domestic workers organizations in America include; the domestic workers homecare centre, the united domestic workers of America, the united domestic workers of San Diego, the united domestic workers of California and the national alliance of domestic workers. How the domestic worker groups are trying to assist the domestic workers have better experiences in America These domestic worker groups break the isolation of the domestic workers who work in the domestic work industry in the United States of America. This is because without the domestic workers in America all the activities in the major cities would stop in their tracks. On the other hand since the domestic workers especially women are devalued in most of the work aspects these worker groups seek to further educate the public so that they can respect the domestic workers and the work which they do. By educating the public on respecting the domestic workers these groups tend to uncover the racial and gender inequalities which exist in the domestic work industry and the labor market. Similarly these domestic worker groups fight for the recognition of the domestic workers in America as real and also skilled workers in the American population. On the other hand most of the domestic workers are excluded from most of the basic protections which are afforded to the workers in America and this is inclusive of the national labor relations and other discrimination protections thus the domestic workers organizations in America work towards ensuring that such protections are enforced and that the working conditions of the domestic workers ere not solely left at the whims if the employers. (Anderson and Bowman 1993) Similarly these organizations further seek to establish very fair and just standards which formerly recognize the domestic workforce as a real workforce with its own protections. In addition to this these domestic organizations in the united stats of America are movements which win justice for all the domestic workers in America. (Nancy 1987) This is because they address the root causes of all the injustices as well as the exploitation which are faced by the domestic workers alone since all these issues take more than the domestic workers single-handedly. The struggles of the domestic workers in America are closely tied to the struggles of all the other American workers, the immigrants, the migrants and also the oppressed communities. The domestic workers organizations connect with each other as well as other organizations and they build a movement that is very powerful in creating the change needed in the domestic workers workforce. (Chow 1994) The domestic worker groups are looking for ways to include the domestic workers as employees and this will further lead to better working conditions for the domestic workers and they could also be free to form the labor unions just as the other employees in the United States of America. Similarly these groups work towards achieving government Acts which have fair labor standards which set the minimum and wage rates and they also address the issue of the maximum working hours for the domestic workers. Similarly these organizations ensure that the domestic workers are not discriminated on the basis of their color, religion, age, nationality, sex, race as well as their disability. (Chow 1994) How the domestic workers are treated Some of the domestic workers in America receive very bad and poor treatment from their employers as well as the other household members. On the other hand some domestic workers are treated well by their host families. The domestic workers who receive bad treatment from their employers have their privacy invaded. They are also subjected to some sexual, emotional and physical abuses which in extreme cases lead to severe injury or even death. On the other hand the freedom of the domestic workers is restricted by the employees and this implies that they are at times treated as slaves who do not have a say on the decisions that are made pertaining their lives. Many of the domestic workers in America are also treated harshly by their employers as they have their personal documents confiscated especially the new immigrants such that they cannot willingly leave their employers. On the other hand the domestic workers have their working hours and also wages violated especially the live in domestic workers. The issues that the domestic workers have to deal with Most of the domestic workers in America work under very exploitive and harsh conditions and they have very many issues which they have to deal with. For instance the domestic workers are barred from organizing into unions collectively. It is however very important to note that the domestic workers form a very significant part of the American economy yet they are not protected by the labor laws of the federal state as the other employees are protected. In addition to this the domestic workers are faced with very unique barriers of organization since they have difficulties in doing negotiations with the employers as they each are in isolation in their employers households. (Nancy 1987) Most of the domestic workers stay for significant periods with the same employers in the same industry. They are a very stable workforce and they further endure various working conditions which further violate their rights as workers as well as human beings. The domestic workers deal with a lot of issues and they are inclusive of the following; ? Wages Statistics show that half of the domestic workers in America earn very low wages. Most of them make their wages below the minimum wages. On the other hand some of the domestic workers work overtime most of whom do not receive their overtime pays for the overtime hours in which they have worked. In America the domestic workers are the key providers in their families and some of them provide for their home countries but on the other hand they face very severe financial hardships as they work in the domestic labor force. ? Abuse Similarly the American domestic workers experience a lot of abuse from their employers or even the other household members. The abuse which comes from their employers could be inform of physical or even verbal abuse and this makes then feel very insecure and uncomfortable on the other hand some of the domestic workers who face various kinds of abuse identify their immigration status and racism as the main factors which contribute to the actions of their employers. (Chow 1994) The domestic workers also experience some sexual abuse and harassments by their employers but since the employees fear their employers then they are reluctant to report such abuses to the public as well as the concerned authorities. Thus the domestic workers cannot gat any form of assistance from the humanitarian groups, the governmental agencies or even the non-governmental groups. ? Lack of health insurance Most of the domestic workers in America do not receive the health insurance or health cover from their employers. Similarly in America most of the domestic worker cannot afford decent medical care which is necessary for themselves and also their other family members. On the other hand it is only less than half of the domestic workers who get basic benefits from their employers such as sick off and other regular pay rises. (Anderson and Bowman 1993) ? Stress Most of the domestic workers in America are faced with the issue of stress in the households where they work. The employers cause a lot of stress to the domestic workers by requiring them to do multiple jobs. Sometimes the employers also require them to perform duties which are not in their job descriptions in any way. On the other hand some of the employers require their domestic workers to work for other people other than themselves. All such requirements cause a lot of stress to the domestic workers and this could even have adverse effects on their health conditions. The domestic workers experience a lot of labor exploitation and abuse than the other female workers in America and this mainly applies to the migrant domestic workers. Most of the domestic workers are isolated from their families, friends as well as the other employees. In some instances some domestic workers cannot effectively communicate with their employers and this has further led to physical or even verbal abuse. Some domestic workers are abused by their employers but they still remain for the fear that they could loose their jobs and thus they would not be able to support their families. In some extreme case the domestic workers have been severely injured and they have also been killed b their employers. (Chow 1994) Since the domestic workers have their limited choices made by their employers, the employers set the employments terms and conditions regarding their accommodations, pay, meals, contacts, off days and also their mode of payments. The employers tend to control the lives of the domestic workers in most of the aspects. Most of the domestic workers have irregular and very long working hours and they also have some irregular and low payments for their salaries. The domestic workers in America also receive accommodation and meals which are below the standards since this is determined by their employers. Some employers withhold the pay of the domestic workers and they at times fail to pay them as agreed. The domestic workers are also faced with the issue of lack of communication and movement. The employers put some restrictions which limit the domestic workers and they isolated from the outside world. Most of the domestic workers are not allowed to leave the employers houses as well as meet with other people and they are also restricted from inviting friends into their houses. Another major concern for the domestic workers in America especially the immigrants are their possession of the legal identification documents. Some of the employers confiscate the documents which belong to the domestic workers thus they are not able to register or even acquire a work permit. (Chow 1994) The measures which are being taken to rectify these situations In order to rectify the situations which are faced by the domestic workers the following measures have been taken. 1. Implementation of the domestic workers bill of rights. This bill was amended so that it could address various issues concerning the domestic workers in America. The issues which are addressed in this bill of rights included the exclusion of the domestic workers from the most basic labor protections and it also provides a further recognition for the domestic workers workforce as real workforce. Similarly in the bill of rights there was an establishment of specified protections which addressed the vulnerability and the isolation of the domestic workers to the mistreatment and also abuse from their employers. 2. Instigation of the domestic workers policies which further prevent the recruitment fees which are exorbitant for the domestic workers as well as the debt payment systems which are very exploitive for the domestic workers in the United States of America. Such policies also cover the issue of trafficking domestic workers to the United States of America. 3. In rectifying these situations the domestic work is included as a part of the formal sector of employment. This will make it more recognizable and the domestic labor will fully be protected under the labor laws. 4. There is an establishment of employment contracts which are standard for all the domestic workers in America. This helps in the protection of the domestic workers rights and responsibilities. The contract also includes a definition of the employee’s responsibilities which should be categorized under the domestic work. It also defines the payment rates as well as the working conditions under which the domestic workers should be subjected and it also defines the working hours and the day offs. The contract also considers the domestic workers who are immigrants in the United States of America. (Nancy 1987) 5. Another measure which is being taken in order to rectify the situation off the domestic workers in America is the setting of the public awareness campaigns. These campaigns are based on the laws and regulations regarding the domestic workers in America. Through these campaigns the public is enlightened on the penalties which are entitled to the employers who commit any kind of abuse to the domestic workers. On the other hand the campaigns pay a lot of attention to the issues of the racial and gender migrations and this is inclusive of the living and also the working conditions of the domestic workers. The domestic workers through the campaigns are enlightened on their rights and the rights of their employers. 6. Another important measure which is being taken in addressing the situation of the domestic workers in America is the publicizing of the complaint mechanisms and other hot line services which are accessible to the domestic workers. This would be very helpful especially for the domestic workers in America who have been experiencing all kinds of problems with their employers. Similarly this would provide a better coordination between the employers, the domestic workers and the labor inspectors as well as the immigration officers and the police. (Anderson and Bowman 1993) 7. On the other hand there is development of systematic mechanisms and also training for various labor agencies especially for the non governmental organizations in all the levels. This further ensures that all these parties have a very clear understanding of all the issues which are related to the needs and the rights of the domestic workers. Similarly they will be able to apply the suitable responses whenever the domestic workers are abuses in any way or when their rights are infringed by their employers. The trainings would help the participating parties to counsel, shelter or even refer the domestic workers for health care treatments. 8. There is also the provision of mechanisms for the domestic workers who are immigrants to the United States of America. These mechanisms call for justice if the immigrant domestic workers receive bad treatment from their employers. Similarly they ensure that the immigrant domestic workers are not exploited, cheated, persecuted and they also do not suffer from any form of abuse from their recruiters, employers and other concerned authorities. In such mechanisms there is a requirement for knowledgeable interpreters. 9. Another measure which is being taken in rectifying the situation of the domestic workers is the increase of the number of the labor inspectors in America. Their authority is also being revised so that they can be able to carry out investigations on the working conditions which apply to the informal work places such as the households. On the other hand such inspection is also undertaken on a regular basis in the households which the domestic workers work. (Chow 1994) 10. There is also the development of a positive public perception on the domestic workers especially those who have emigrated from other countries to the United States of America. This would allow the public to appreciate the value of the work which is done by the domestic workers in the country. This is creatively done through the country’s mass media especially in the soap operas whereby the domestic workers are displayed as people who play a significant role in the American economy and the whole country at large. This has further helped in counteracting the image of the domestic workers and especially the women who have very low social economic status as well as those with low education levels. 11. In the United States of America there is a regularization process for the domestic workers who are immigrants and this only grants them the right to work. Thus these domestic workers can travel to other districts but only in the company of their employers. 12. There are measures which are looking into establishing some informal and also self help organizations for the domestic workers. This would give the domestic workers an opportunity to interact as well as share their personal experiences with the other domestic workers. 13. So as to improve the situation of the domestic workers in America the government has developed some programs for the immigrant workers and this is inclusive of a pre-departure orientation which is mandatory for the domestic worker and it looks into the heath issues. The issues of the domestic workers rights and responsibilities are also addressed in the orientation. The government acts to protect the human right of the immigrant and also the local domestic workers in America. There is also an establishment of some follow-up programs whereby the employees provide the necessary information on their rights over the domestic workers under the labor laws. This would ensure that both the employees and the employers have a transparency which exists between them and thus any forms of abuses are highly avoided. (Nancy 1987) Conclusion In the United States of America the domestic workers remain to be a very significant part of the country’s secondary labor markets. However there have been very major changes in the ethnicity and the geographical origins of the domestic workers in America. On the other hand the domestic workers have been experiencing some very harsh working conditions from their employees whereby their privacy is infringed upon as well as their rights as workers and human beings. However there are some measures which have been taken to address the situation of the domestic workers in America. These include the implementation of the domestic workers bill of rights and other policies and programs which help in protecting the rights of the domestic workers in America. Reference: Anderson, C. And Bowman, M. (1993): The Vanishing Servant and the Contemporary Status System of the American South. American Journal of Sociology Chow, E. (1994): Asian American Women at Work, Survival, Resistance, and Coping. Women of Color in U. S. Society. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. Nancy F. (1987): Introduction, New Immigrants and Changing Patterns in New York City. The New Immigrants in New York; (Ed. ) New York: Columbia University Press.

Human Dependent Lighting system

Human Dependent Lighting system CAREER EPISODE: 01 Human Dependent Lighting system INTRODUCTION: 1.1) A detailed description of the project Human Dependent Lightning System is presented in this career episode. I started this project with a team of three engineers including myself under the guidance of our tutor and head of department, during the initial months of 7th semester, Bachelor of Engineering (Electronics and Communication). This project was implemented as part of my academic curriculum Project 1 and it took us three months (July 2012 to September 2012) from inception, testing to implementation of the project. I was appointment as a group leader for this project by our tutor. BACKGROUND: 1.2) In every department of an industry, there is a wastage of electricity resulting in high electric bills. The wastage of electricity is mainly due to carelessness of users. For instance, lights in various departments would remain switched ON even after working hours, when employees were not present in the office. This leads to unnecessary wastage of electricity. In order to overcome this issue, we developed a human dependent lighting system to use the electricity smartly which can save huge amount of electricity. The human dependent lighting system is a project based on PIR sensors to detect human presence. A light intensity control circuitry is made to turn ON the required number of lights based on surrounding light intensity, thereby reducing the wastage of electricity. This project has a lot of potential and it can be applied to domestic and commercial use. 1.3) In Human Dependent Lighting System, we used PIR Sensor which is used to receive the infrared rays that are emitted by human body and Light Dependent Resistor(LDR) to measure the intensity of ambient light. On the output side, we used AC mains supply with loads, such as light connected with relays. These relays are operated based on the output of the controller with specific delays to provide safety to the loads and also to provide intelligent lighting system. 1.4) The system turns ON the required number of lights depending upon the surrounding ambient condition; hence switching OFF the unnecessary lights. The system maintains the required luminous intensity incorporating light received from the surrounding, thus using electricity smartly. Furthermore, we have used PIC12F675 controller equipped with a RISC architecture with inbuilt ADC and MPLAB IDE Version 8.63 software which is used for programming the controller. We have also used a display unit to show intensity levels and number of loads which are switched on. 1.5) Project Objectives The main objectives of the project are as follows: Build a prototype of an energy efficient lighting system with tomorrows technology, which will be eco-friendly and for a longer life span. Control the lighting system using PIR Sensor and Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) based on the Infrared (IR) light emanation by human or articles in its field of view, and Spread the awareness and benefits of using white LED. 1.6) Project Mechanism       1.7) My Roles and Responsibilities as a group leader (Engineer 1) included: Researching and selecting the most energy efficient micro controller. Programming the microcontroller using MPLAB IDE Version 8.63 software. Assisting in designing the circuit. Schedule weekly meetings and ensuring attendance of every team member Managing and ensuring that each stage of the project was completed within the stipulated timeline, and Maintaining the project documentation. PERSONAL ENGINEERING ACTIVITY 1.8) After the decision to build a prototype for Human Dependent Lighting System was made, the first step I took as a group leader was to select a microcontroller which could act as a brain for the unit and was also programmable. Post which, an exhaustive research referring to different data sheets of microcontrollers was carried out, which enabled me to come up with two appropriate microcontrollers for the project PIC12F629 and PIC12F675. Both the microcontrollers are PIC12 series microchips having same configuration except one attribute. PIC12F629 lacks Analog to Digital convertor, whereas PIC12F675 has inbuilt 10 bit 4 channels A/D converter which met one of the requirements of the project. Therefore, I selected PIC12F675 microcontroller, an 8-bit RISC architecture based controller used for detecting motion via PIR sensor. It was marked as the IN port for the micro controller. Whenever PIR (Passive Infrared Sensor) Sensor detects a motion due to the human presence or any movement in the room, it acts as an input which makes the lights turn ON. 1.9) One more reason to select PIC12F629 microcontroller, was to connect TRIMPOT to ADC (Analog to Digital converter) to determine the ON time for the system if there is no motion detected. For instance, if Trim POT is set for 10 seconds ON period and if no motion is detected inside the room where system is installed, then system will switch OFF the lights after 10 seconds. We used solar panels to charge the battery during the day time and during the night the system will use the battery to control the lighting systems. We also connected White LED/Relay Driver to OUT port of the PIC controller in order to control the driver or LED based on two inputs conditions: one based on PIR sensors and other from the Trim POT for ON time control. This driver circuit is based on Transistors. Furthermore, we used LT1086 voltage regulator in order to achieve +5V regulated supply for the system. The LT1086 is accessible in a 3-pin TO-220 bundle and a space-sparing surface mountable 3-pin DD bundle. Therefore, I went with this module, which is very handy and user friendly 1.10) Software Implementation I used MPLAB IDE Version 8.63 software to program the microcontroller which provides a development environment to perform and program various functions. This software offers memory mapping function to visualize each register. Errors were checked on troubleshooting and debugging the programs by building targets. If it was error free, various simulation ports of the controller were provided to check outputs. Software Implementation using MPLAB IDE version 8.63 1.11) Pseudo flow: I used this software since I wanted to achieve the following features: Power ON system stabilization time of 30 seconds. In 30 seconds, LED will blink with the 250ms ON and 250ms OFF time which is the indication of the stabilization period. Stabilize time is required for the PIR sensor which is connected as IN port to stabilize the sensors. Default state of White LED is OFF. If any motion is detected from PIR sensor it will trigger the IN port of PIC microcontroller. If the motion is detected it will send out a signal to the White LED/ Relay Driver, which will turn ON the light. If the motion is not detected and if the lights are ON then it will monitor the TRIM POT timing default which is set for 10 seconds and if for 10 seconds no motion is detected, the system will switch OFF the lights. 1.12) Hardware Implementation Designing of the circuit was an arduous task for us. We completed an exhaustive training program in order to design the circuit proficiently and keeping the IEEE code of conduct guidelines in our mind. The first task was to develop the circuit diagram using EasyEDA software. After following the necessary guidelines to design a circuit, we acquired the skills such as soldering using flux, component placement, placement of ground and power plane, avoid overlapping of analog and digital planes. Furthermore, we took safety measures such as wearing perfect gear for soldering or while connecting the circuit with external power supply. We also read instructions and manuals for understanding implementation of electric components in the safest way. The following picture depicts the basic hardware developed by us for human dependent lighting system. Hardware Implementation SUMMARY: 1.13) After building the prototype, we completed our project by testing and maintaining the documentation. The project was submitted with a presentation along with the working prototype and reports which was assessed by our tutor and head of the department. The overall project journey was a great experience in terms of learning new skill every day which was a boost to my technical and leadership skills. I faced many ups and downs especially during the training but working with a team was an added advantage for me to divide the load/task in parts and made the implementation of the project successful within the stipulated time. This project has lots of potential and it can be applied to commercial and domestic use.

Expatriate Turnover And Retention Management Essay

Expatriate Turnover And Retention Management Essay This chapter discusses the relationship between the research questions and previous peer reviewed literature by demonstrating knowledge of contemporary research findings. It sets out the tangibles to be achieved through the dissertation in the broader context by discussing the need for collaborative approach in addressing expatriate turnover in KSA. Expatriate turnover and retention: Global Perspective As business establishments expand they are faced with the problem of an ever shrinking of the available skilled workforce. The demand for workers with the right combinations of qualifications, skills, experience and personal qualities is expected to increase. The ability to select the right candidate and retain them in the business establishment is crucial to a businesss sustainability and success in the coming decades. The global worker selection is a concept that is facilitated by globalization. A globalized economy and exponential technological progress have facilitated global mobility and flexibility in the workplace and workforce. The result is that experienced and skilled individuals seek international career opportunities. Due to skilled and experienced workforce shortage in many countries and the increasing demand for inter-culturally flexible workers with more differentiated skill sets, expatriates are strategically valuable resources for business establishments (Cao, et al., In press). While the number of expatriates has and is expected to steadily increase, business establishments have had to face fierce international business competition as well as challenges linked to the economic crisis. They consequently have had to adapt their strategies in order to reduce and control their costs. This has led them to downsize, restructure, merge or, relocate to remain competitive and to modify their approach to the way of compensating expatriates. Expatriate workers compensation is often considered extremely costly and time consuming for the business establishments involved. This perception pressures companies to either decrease their investment in international experience and knowledge, look for alternate international worker populations, such as self-initiated expatriates or decrease the coverage and amount of their expatriate compensation packages (Milkovich Newman, 2002) However, compensation practices and strategy are one of the most powerful and salient means by which the business establishment can send clear messages concerning about expected attitudes and behaviours. There is a danger that the pressures that business establishments feel to reduce compensation costs may lead to changes in expatriates perceptions as concerns their compensation package and the whole employment relationship thereby prompting them to change their attitude toward their employer (Conway Briner, 2005). Research has already noted that employees have lost their job security and therefore severed their socio-emotional attachment to their employers due to compensation friction. There has been a shift in the psychological contract between employees and employers such that the exchange relationship has become much more transactional and calculative nowadays. This means that those involved in the employer-employee relationship are directed by multiple motives that include a mix of selfish and social interests. The parties pursue their interests and strive to keep their commitment. The standard today for what expatriate workers consider acceptable in their exchange relationship, between employers and employees, may have shifted such that getting more than they deserve is more satisfying than what they actually deserve (Briscoe, et al., 2009). A consequence of this spiral of changes is that business establishments increasingly face tremendous challenges in attracting, motivating and retaining these valuable expatriate workers for sustaining their strategic development. They have to overcome the challenge of designing compensation programs that not only span the globe and support the business establishments strategic goals and objectives, but also guarantee consistency, equity and transferability throughout the entire working life of the workforce. Key challenges for business establishments are whether they have means of modifying the content of expatriate compensation packages to increase their costly and valuable employees affective commitment that are antecedent to job satisfaction and turnover attitudes so as to retain them without inferring incremental costs. Prior to this understanding, business establishments need to learn how their expatriates perceive and react to their compensation practices signalled by their pac kage, what types of rewards the workers value most and how these affect their decisions regarding their turnover or retention. In other words business establishments look for information about how to commit their costly expatriate workers to the business establishment. Understanding what kind of compensation elements and rewards motivate expatriates most might provide this information (Armstrong Stephens, 2005). Getting the right person in the right place for the right length of time to execute a job is not a simple matter, more when expatriate workers are involved. It involves an array of considerations, such as the type of assignment and its remuneration; investment in staffing and places to work; and numerous professional, cultural and family pressures that can overwhelm the hardiest executives (Economist Intelligence Unit , 2010,). Multinational companies are increasingly recognizing the need to adhere to sound business practices to remain competitive in an increasingly flat business world. Moreover, they realize the critical and increasingly important role that expatriate employees play in managing and maintaining their global operations. This role is further complicated by the contracting global economy and labour pool (Shelton, 2009, p. 51). Expatriate employees and their role have received a considerable attention from researchers over the past three decades (e.g., Bhuian Al-Jabri, 1996;Carpenter et al, 2001;Yamazaki Kayes, 2004; Takeuchi et al, 2005).Carpenter et al, (2001) argued that expatriate executives are likely to be a valuable and unique resource for multi-national corporations. However, although the management literature frequently stresses the significance of expatriate employees in the development and effective functioning organizations, there is substantial evidence indicates that expatriates often fail in their international assignments and thus returned home or dismissed early (Baruch Altman, 2002; Lee Beaumont, 2001) But what is the meaning of expatriate turnover? And what is the difference between expatriate and local employees turnover? Expatriate turnover is a broad term that has many definitions in the current literature. It has been defined as return prematurely to home or failure in an overseas assignment before the assignment contract expires (Naumann, 1992; Bhuian Al-Jabri, 1996; Forster Johnson, 1996). Many significant reasons for expatriate turnover are flaws in the expatriate workers selection procedures, the mismanagement of the relocation process and inability to adjust in to a foreign country culture (Gregersen Black , 1992) Business establishments regularly bring in overseas skilled workers to overcome skills shortage. While they ideally wish to retain the expatriate workers, this is not always the case. In 75 per cent of the cases the workers spouses are unable to adapt to the new environment. Given that 85 per cent of all expatriate workers are accompanied by their spouses the case of spouses inability to adapt is a strong one. It is recommended that to ensure expatriate workers retention practical and psychological support must be provided to their families (Wells, 2008). Many spouses accompanying leave their careers behind them and often discover that neither their professional qualifications nor experiences correlate to job opportunities in the countries they settle in. They also lose their support networks, which include their family and established childcare arrangements, and quickly feel isolated, unhappy and anxious in the country they settle in. Expatriate turnover in the context of this research refers not just to the spectacular failure of an assignment in the overseas location but to a range of negative outcomes that affect the worker, the organization, co-workers and other stakeholders in the host country, the workers family and fellow expatriates. The ramifications of expatriate retention are wide: the loss of the resources they have put into a particular assignment; the potential damage done to the business establishments reputation and goodwill; the negative impact on a worker of having failed to measure up to expectations in the overseas assignment, and possible ramifications for familial relationships; and the loss of a valued workers expertise and experience. Both the scholarly literature and empirical evidence suggest that numerous factors impact on expatriate turnover including such issues as provision of appropriate cross-cultural training, in-country support, spousal adjustment, cultural distance and relationships with host nationals (Bennett, et al., 2000; Gudykunst, 2005; Kim, 2003; Samovar Porter, 2003; Zakaria, 2000). In an increasingly globalized world, business establishments find themselves in competition for a highly specialised workforce of skilled workers who can perform effectively across cultures and in a variety of environments. In recent years there has been a decrease in the number of suitable candidates willing to accept an expatriate posting. Shimoni et al, (2005) discuss this phenomenon and postulate a number of reasons for it occurring. They emphasize that one of the most significant reasons is that people have become aware of the difficulties associated with relocation and are reluctant to put themselves or their families through a disruptive process (Shimoni et al, 2005). A significant percentage of expatriate workers leave their company within one to two years of starting work where such was not the original intention of either the employer or the employee. This has significant negative consequences for both the business establishment and the expatriate. It is most commonly related to a lack of retention strategies in the relocation of expatriate workers and their dependants (MacDonald Arthur, 2003) Companies often place unrealistic expectations about handovers and mentoring of incoming expatriate employees once they have signed on. This can have negative implications for the incoming workers. In many business establishments, selection of an expatriate for a job offer is an indication that a particular employee is thought of highly. An expatriate worker, couple or family usually require assistance in a variety of forms and to differing degrees of intensity. There will be the practical issues around finances and time such as allowances for removals, resettling their children in school, the readjustment issues to the workplace, family and friends and acquainting themselves with the host culture. Depending on the difficulties of adjustment or if the move is particularly difficult or traumatic, there may be psychological issues, as well as social, financial and professional ones, that require specialist professional support. Business establishments have long recognized that benefits and compensation are key determinants of expatriates satisfaction and, as a result, retention. The Mercer survey bears this point out, as 86 per cent of the business establishments surveyed consider benefits provisions for expatriate workers a high business priority. Surprisingly, however, only 26 per cent of the surveyed businesses admitted to not having a policy for providing expatriate workers benefits. Moreover, 64 per cent of the surveyed business establishments have no specific procedures in place to measure the success of their expatriate benefits programs. Findings from the Mercer survey indicate that business establishments face two-pronged challenge in as far as expatriate workers retention is concerned. First, they must track the elements of their expatriate workers programs to ensure consistent administration and quantify a solid return on investment. Second, they need to address the global economic situation by communicating clearly with expatriate workers and providing transparency with regard to their benefits and compensation that in turn promotes their retention (Shelton, 2009, p. 52). In managing expatriate workers the business establishment must ask questions that include: Questions on culture Do the expatriate workers identify with the business establishment and the success of the business establishment as being of direct benefit to themselves? Do the expatriate workers see themselves as having common interests with their work colleagues and group? Is there a strong team spirit? Is work allocated on the basis of individual expertise rather than position in the business establishment? Are there sufficient skills/power bases in the business establishment? Are there appropriate leadership skills within the business establishment? Are expatriate workers encouraged to say what they think about the business establishment? Does your business establishment encourage innovation and creativity amongst expatriate workers? Do expatriate workers feel a sense of personal responsibility for their work? Is quality emphasized in all aspects of the business establishment? Questions on the business establishment Does the structure of your business establishment encourage effective performance? Is the organization structure flexible in the face of changing demands? Is the structure too complex? If so in what areas? Do the expatriate workers have clear roles and responsibilities? Does the organizational structure tend to push problems up rather than resolve them at the point where they occur? Do procedures and management in the business establishment practices facilitate the accomplishment of tasks? Questions on the expatriate workers Do expatriate workers in the business establishment have the necessary skills and knowledge to perform their jobs in the most effective manner? Do expatriate workers understand their jobs and how they contribute to overall business performance i.e. have clear goals and objectives? Do expatriate workers have a customer service orientation? Are personnel with potential spotted and developed for the future? Are expatriate workers encouraged to perform well through the giving of recognition and feedback? Do expatriate workers know what their expected performance standards are? Questions on the business management system Do organizations systems, which include employee selection and recruitment, promotion, planning, management, information and control, encourage effective performance among expatriate workers? Are these systems consistent across the business establishment? Are there clear rewards for effective performance within the work group? Does the organization review its systems frequently and ensure they mutually support each other? In a study to analyse global expatriate workers trends, the Economist Intelligence Unit (2010, p. 3) identified a number of key issues that include: Cultural and family pressures present the greatest difficulties in facilitating expatriate workers retention. An inability to understand local culture and cultural conflicts is one of the greatest difficulties for expatriate workers. Cultural sensitivity is thus regarded by some margin as the most important attribute for an individual seeking to work in a foreign country, and business establishments admit that it is not easy to find the right type of person in their ranks. More than half of expatriate workers do not relish the prospect of learning another language, suggesting a possible lack of commitment to their role. The spouses needs have become more important than ever in expatriates workers acclimatisation. Perhaps the greatest obstacle to the success of an expatriate placement lies with the expatriates spouse and/or children, who may resent the sudden separation from their own career, social life, schooling and routine. The resulting strain on family relationships can often bring about a premature end to the work. Expatriate turnover and retention: KSA Perspective The KSA is an emerging global business hub that represents approximately thirty billion dollars worth of annual export potential. This has acted as an incentive for business establishments that require an array of diverse workforce to base their operations in the country. Consequently, the country has become an international business focal point resulting in the country experiencing exponential increased interest from the global workforce (Bhuian, 1995). The countrys need for more of the global workforce is increased by the inexperience, less knowledge and inadequate of the indigenous workforce. (Baker Abou-Ismail, 1993) reported that as of 1992 approximately 7 million expatriate workers were engaged by business establishments within KSA. These expatriates are mostly employed on a contract bases and usually undergo cultural shock on getting into the country. While contractual employment is preferred by a majority of the expatriates, there major concern lies with extrinsic rewards, pay, fringe benefits, stability and security that come with their job. While the expatriates attempt to adjust to the local culture, there efforts are no free of problems as they are made aware that their adjustment directly affects their effective performance (Baker Abou-Ismail, 1993). Expatriate workers turnover is a concern for business establishments based in the KSA. This problem is further compounded by shortage of available, skilled and qualified indigenous Saudi citizen workers. This has resulted in a scramble for available, skilled and qualified expatriate work force. While the expatriate workers are engaged with the intention of employing them for a definite period of time, this is not always the case as a some leave before their time elapses due to ineffective work performance and dissatisfaction resulting in significant direct and indirect costs incurred by the business establishment (Yavas et al, 1990). Past researches on the subject of expatriate turnover have identified three categories of expatriate workers turnover tendencies (Tyagi Wotruba, 1993). These tendencies include: Work-related attitudes (job satisfaction and organizational commitment) Personal characteristics (age, education, and experience) External environmental factors (organizational climate, management practices and supervisory behaviours) It is generally accepted that while the three identified categories have a bearing on expatriate workers turnover and retention, the management of the business establishment can only control the work-related variables. The personal characteristics can, to some extent, be controlled by the expatriate employees selection process and can be enhanced by effective training programs. The external environment is usually difficult to change in the short run though this can be done in the long run (Tyagi Wotruba, 1993). Literature suggests that employee turnover tendency and job satisfaction may differ with respect to the types of employee (expatriate or domestic), the nature of the job (permanent or contractual), and the types of organizational culture (traditional-bureaucratic or supportive culture) (Banai Reisel, 1993; Gregersen Black , 1992). Saudi Arabia, one of the most important international markets in the developing world, provides an ideal setting for a study on expatriate employee turnover tendencies because of the attendant presence of a large expatriate community in the country. Over the last five years, HICAP has suffered from a dramatically increase in expatriate turnover. The average annual expatriate turnover rate was 3.2, 4.5 8.2, and 13 per cent respectively (Dabbas Elvin, 2012). This is a potentially expensive problem for business establishment as replacing departed employees cause significant direct and indirect costs (Bhuian Al-Jabri, 1996, p. 393). To give an example, HICAP paid around 4 million dollars as a penalty for delaying the delivery of one of the projects because of the unexpected resignation of six key members of the implementation team (Dabbas Elvin, 2012). Due to the relatively increasing rate of expatriate turnover, academics and scholars have expended considerable resources to study its causes. In the study of predictor variables of expatriate turnover, Naumann, (1992) identified three categories of predictor variables that precede expatriate turnover. These categories are: (1) job/task characteristics, which involves the degree of expatriate satisfaction in the job assignment; (2) Organization characteristics which includes Behavioural, structural, and demographic characteristics of organizations (p.509); (3) worker characteristics, which includes the employee demographic characteristics such as age, gender, material status .etc. Similarly, (Bhuian Al-Jabri, 1996; Tyagi Wotruba, 1993) proposed three categories of what they called expatriates turnover antecedents: (1) personnel characteristics which can be controlled through different processes such as employee selection and training processes; (2) work related characteristics that can be controlled by organizations; (3) external environmental factors which they argue that it is unchangeable and does not have a great impact on expatriates turnover. Limited studies investigated expatriate turnover in the KSA. But why is the KSA important and why has it been selected for such research? The KSA can be considered as an ideal environment for conducting such a study. It is one of the most important exporting markets in the world. In 2006 the KSA was considered among the top 23 global exporting countries with approximately 175 billion dollars worth of exports (Anon., 2008). However, according to the latest study conducted by the ministry of labour in KSA, two thirds of the employees, working in the private sector are expatriates (Anon., 2010). These expatriates and especially their families cannot adjust easily with the Saudi culture and consequently not performing effectively (Bhuian Al-Jabri, 1996). Consequently, vast amount of losses were incurred by local organisations (Yavas et al, 1990: Dabbas Elvin, 2012). However many gaps and limitations were noted in previous researches which will be tackled in this research: First the above studies neglect the effect of external organizational factors on expatriate turnover. (BhuianAl-Jabri, 1996) argued that external environmental factors are usually unchangeable in the short run thus they have excluded their effect on expatriate turnover. While (Naumann, 1992) did not consider external environmental factors as an antecedents for expatriate turnover. Second, it has been argued that workers characteristics did not show any significant impact on expatriate turnover. Not only this, all of the previous studies concluded that there is no or little correlation between expatriate demographic characteristics and turnover. Research hypotheses Research hypotheses act as a guide in designing and conducting the research. There are two types of hypotheses in any research process; testable research hypothesis (H1) and null hypothesis (H0). The H1 is that; demographic characteristics, external and internal environments have an influence on expatriate turnover. The H0 acts as a fall back in the case that the H1 is disapproved (Johnson, 1975). The H0 is that; demographic characteristics, external and internal environments have no influence on expatriate turnover. This research study empirically analyses the expatriate demographic, organizational internal and country external variables that may lead to expatriate turnover in HICAP in order to develop a functional match for between the antecedents for expatriates turnover the KSA. In establishing this functional match, the dissertation looks into factors affecting expatriate turnover. The outcome can be used by both scholars and business executives in offering insights into the best way for KSA business establishments to retain expatriates as well as build a framework for future analysis.

Martin Luther Essay examples -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Martin Luther grew up in a time when there was basically one religion to look upon. Luther was born on November 10, 1483, in Eisleben, Germany. He was raised Catholic by his family that was held together by his father, Hans. Hans was a miner, and he worked his way up to the middle class by leasing mines and furnaces. With the money that he earned, he bought his family a house, and he became a well-respected citizen of their new hometown, Mansfeld. At seven years old, Martin began his schooling to fill his father’s dream of becoming a lawyer. At school, he learned the basics and was taught Latin. The students were not only to learn how to speak Latin, but they also had to speak the language at all times. At age thirteen, a new school boarded young Luther. He was sent thirty miles north to the city of Magdenburg. His time spent there was short. The year that he attended the school, he learned of his ambition to serve God. Luther spoke fondly of the Brothers at the school. They showed Luther what it was like to witness God’s power. Martin finished off his boarding school years at St. George’s School, located in Eisenach. Luther had many great memories of St. George’s, including one of his teachers, Johann Trebonius. Luther enjoyed Trebonius’ teachings because of the equality that was displayed between the students and the teacher. St. George’s also gave Luther the ability to see what a life of the religious order was like. In 1501, Martin left Eise...

Measure for Measure Essay: The Pontification of Isabella

The Pontification of Isabella in Measure for Measure   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Within Measure for Measure the character of Isabella is characterized as an innocent pure female, and there is a focus on her ever-present moral dilemma. By using Elizabethan perspectives on women, nuns, and chastity, Shakespeare uses Isabella to reveal character traits and morality of those around her.   However in opposition Isabella made be seen as an individual who pontificates too much when her brother’s life is at stake, it is perhaps easier for Isabella to suffer the condemnation of a modern audience. Isabella is immediately established as a rare female character when her brother describes her with the statement, "she has prosperous art When she will play with reason and discourse   And well she can persuade"(Shakespeare 1.2.161-163). It is worth noting her that women in Shakespeare's time were very recognized for neither their reasoning nor their speaking capabilities. In fact, women were not expected to voice their opinions; women who chose to do so were deemed a threat to social order. It is, therefore, questionable whether Shakespeare's audience would have approved of Isabella's skills at rhetoric. Although agreeing with her stance concerning Claudio (they, too, prob... ...The Wheel of Fire: Essays in Interpretation of Shakespeare's Sombre Tragedies. London: Oxford UP, 1930. Leech, Clifford. "The 'Meaning' of Measure for Measure." Shakespeare Survey 3 (1950): 69-71. New American Standard Bible. Reference ed. Chicago: Moody Press, 1975. Pope, Elizabeth Marie. "The Renaissance Background of Measure for Measure." Shakespeare Survey 2 (1949): 66-82. Rossiter, A. P. Angel with Horns and Other Shakespeare Lectures. Ed. Graham Storey. London: Longmans, Green, 1961. Shakespeare, William. William Shakespeare: The Complete Works. Ed. Alfred Harbage. 1969. Baltimore: Penguin, 1971.   

Isabel Allendes The House of the Spirits Essay examples -- Isabel All

Isabel Allende's The House of the Spirits In many novels, relationships shape a character. Throughout Isabel Allende's The House of the Spirits dissimilar individuals constantly come together to form relationships that change or develop their disposition. While Allende uses relationships to build upon a character, she also depicts a character's living environment in order to confirm their true soul and lifestyle. Due to the observation of both relationships and environments, a character's true qualities are expressed to a reader. The relationship between two individuals, Ferula and Clara, proves itself a positive product of the union of differing people. Through analysis of Ferula's home and close observation of her bond with Clara, Allende reveals Ferula's true character as she illustrates Ferula's dramatic change from a desolate soul to the selfless and loving character that molds Clara into the confident woman she aspires to. Ferula's life story, the desolation of her soul, and the connection she eventually has with Clara all became evident in the mere description of her living environment. At one point in the novel, Clara wrote of her experience in the vicinity of Ferula?s home. Clara explained that ?The tenement was a long passageway of ruined houses, all exactly the same; small impoverished dwellings built of cement, each with a single door and two windows. They were painted in drab colors and their peeling walls were linked across the narrow passageway by wires hung from side to side. [She] walked deeper into the neighborhood, avoiding puddles of dirty water that overflowed from the gutters and dodging piles of garbage in which cats were digging like silent shadows. In the center of the little... ...ship with Clara, Ferula became one of the most dynamic characters within The House of the Spirits. From ?ruined houses? to a life giving ?fountain? Allende demonstrated the great transformation of Ferula?s soul from complete desolation to true love. The bond she shared with Clara proved itself as one that could not compare to any others within the novel. Clara ?always was thinking of [Ferula]?(152), demonstrating the great impression Ferula left with her. No other relationships developed such a transformation as did this one. Truly, Ferula?s love influenced Clara?s life and molded her heart with the love and confidence that forever remained in the Trueba household and its memories. Works Cited: Allende, Isabel. The House of the Spirits. Trans. Magda Bogin. New York: Bantam Books, 1986. Trans. of La casa de los espiritus. Barcelona: Plaza and James. 1982.

Health and Healing at Your Fingertips Essay

Throw out the bottles and boxes of drugs in your house. A new theory suggests that medicine could be bad for your health, which should at least come as good news to people who cannot afford to buy expensive medicine. However, it is a blow to the medicine industry, and an even bigger blow to our confidence in the progress of science. This new theory argues that healing is at our fingertips: we can be healthy by doing Reiki on a regular basis. Supporters of medical treatment argue that medicine should be trusted since it is ffective and scientifically proven. They say that there is no need for spiritual methods such as Reiki, Yoga, Tai Chi. These waste our time, something which is quite precious in our material world. There is medicine that can kill our pain, x-rays that show us our fractured bones or MRI that scans our brain for tumors. We must admit that these methods are very effective in the examples that they provide. However, there are some â€Å"every day complaints† such as back pains, headaches, insomnia, which are treated currently with medicine. When you have a headache, you take an Aspirin, or Vermidon, when you cannot sleep, you take Xanax without thinking of the side effects of these. When you use these pills for a long period, you become addicted to them; you cannot sleep without them. We pay huge amounts of money and become addicted instead of getting better. How about a safer and more economical way of healing? When doing Reiki to yourself, you do not need anything except your energy so it is very economical. As for its history, it was discovered in Japan in the early 1900s and its popularity has spread particularly throughout America and Western Europe. In quantum physics, energy is recognized as the fundamental substance of which the universe is composed. Reiki depends on the energy within our bodies. It is a simple and effective way of restoring the energy flow. There are no side effects and it is scientifically explained. Opponents of alternative healing methods also claim that serious illnesses such as HIV/AIDS and cancer cannot be treated without drugs. They think so because these patients spend the rest of their lives in the hospital taking medicine. How can Reiki make these people healthy again? It is very unfortunate that these patients have to live in the hospital losing their hair because of chemotherapy, losing weight because of the side effects of the medicine they take. Actually, it is common knowledge that except for when the cancer is diagnosed at an early stage, drugs also cannot treat AIDS or cancer. Most of the medicine these patients use are to ease their pain and their sufferings because of the medical treatment they undergo. Instead of drugs hich are expensive and have many side effects, you can use your energy to overcome the hardships of life, find an emotional balance, leave the stress of everyday life and let go of the @ 2006 Bogazici University SFL 6 of 6 everyday worries. Most of the chronic conditions such as eczema or migraine are known to have causes such as poor diet and stress. Deeprooted anger or other strong emotions can contribute to viral infections as well. Since balancing our emotions and start learning Reiki and avoid illnesses before it is too late. Some people may still maintain that in our material world, everything depends on time. It is even â€Å"lacking time† that causes much of the stress that leads to the illnesses we mentioned. How would it be possible to find time to do Reiki to ourselves and the people around us when we cannot even find time to go to the theater? This is one good thing about Reiki; it does not require more than 15 minutes of our time. There is no need for changing clothes or special equipment. It is a wonderfully simple healing art, an effective method of relaxation and stress-relief. Most important f all, it is less time consuming than medicine if we think of all the time we spend taking medicine for some complaints and taking some more for the side effects as well. Having said these, resistance to Reiki would be quite illogical. Reiki is natural and drug-free. What is more, it is easy to learn by anyone, regardless of age and experience. It can be used anywhere, anytime. It also enhances physical, mental, emotional and spiritual well-being and the benefits last a lifetime. It is definitely high time to get away from the drug boxes we store in our drug cabinet!

Big Five Personality Traits

regretful voltsome mould Lewis goldberg proposed a five dimension reputation be pick out , nicknamed the big five /five fixings theory. The double five deterrent example is a comprehensive, empirical, data-driven research finding. In psychology, the Big Five factors (Five divisor Model) of nature argon five broad domains or dimensions of personality which atomic number 18 uptaked to describe homophile personality. Big five factors argon broker I extraversion. fixings II agreeableness. fixings common chord Conscientiousness. operator IV psychoneurosis. Factor V diffuseness to Experience. Factor I extraversion Extraversion is characterized by dictatorial emotions and the determination to seek away input signal and the confederacy of other(a)s. Extraverts enjoy organism with multitude, and atomic number 18 a great deal perceived as well(p) of energy. They be to be enthusiastic, action-oriented individuals who atomic number 18 apparent to grade Yes or Lets go to opportunities for excitement. act In groups they like to rag, assert themselves, and vomit up circumspection to themselves. Introerts lack the social ebullience and employment levels of extraverts. They tend to seem sound slight, downhearted-key, deliberate, and slight film-to doe with in the social world. keep Extraversion the course to be chattering versus Quiet. bumptious versus Reserved. Active versus Shy. Ener perplexic versus Silent. forthcoming versus With move outnness.. attempt extraversion items I dont head being the center of guardianship. I discover prospering just roughly pack. I give out conversations. I talk to a rotary of unlike spate at parties. I dont talk a lot. (reversed) I exhaust footling to say. (reversed) I dont like to draw financial aid to myself. (reversed) I am quiet around strangers. (reversed) Factor II agreeableness Agreeableness is a tendency to be grieve nd cooperative kinda t han mistrustful and antagonistic towards others. They are chiefly considerate, friendly, generous, helpful, and ordain to compromise their interests with others. Agreeable people as well as oblige an optimistic intellection of human race nature. They believe people are fundamentally honest, decent, and trustworthy. move.. Disagreeable individuals place egocentrism to a extravagantlyer place getting along with others. They are to a greater extent often than not unconcerned with others well-being. Some metres their scepticism about others motives causes them to be suspicious, unfriendly, and ncooperative. go on.. signifier versus unkind. appreciative versus Fault-finding. Soft-hearted versus Hard-hearted. Warm versus Cold. Generous versus Quarrelsome. cordial versus Unfriendly. examine agreeableness items I am enkindle in people. I empathise with others flavorings. I pee-pee a demulcent heart. I take time out for others. I feel others emotions. I call people feel at ease. Factor three Conscientiousness Conscientiousness is a tendency to show self-discipline, act duti fully, and physical object for action against measures or outside expectations. The mark shows a preference for planned kinda than self-generated behavior. It influences the way in which we control, regulate, and carry our impulses. proceed.. Organized versus unorganized. Efficient versus inefficient. responsible versus Irresponsible. trusty versus unreliable. Dependable versus Undependable practical versus imaginative. try on conscientiousness items I am always prepared. I pay attention to details. I get chores done remediate away. I like order. I get hitched with a schedule. I am inexorable in my work.Factor IV neurosis Neuroticism is the tendency to perplex banish emotions, much(prenominal) as anger, anxiety, or depression. It is sometimes called activated inst dexterity. Those who score high in psychoneurosis are aro usedly unstable and unprotected to stress. They are to a greater extent(prenominal) in all probability to picture ordinary situations as threatening, and peasant frustrations as hopeless(prenominal)ly herculean. Continued These problems in emotional regulation can strike the ability of a person desex headway high on neuroticism to debate clearly, make decisions, and cope effectively with stress. At the other end of the scale, individuals who score low in neuroticism are less good worried and are less emotionally reactive. They tend to be calm, emotionally stable, and leave office from persistent negative feelings. Continued Tense, Anxious, Nervous, Moody, Worrying, Touchy, Fearful, Self-pitying, Temperamental, Unstable, Self-punishing. versus excited stability, Emotional control, Ego strength Sample neuroticism items I am easily disturbed. I tilt my mood a lot. I get irritated easily. I get express out easily. I get upset easily. I have snitch mood swing s. I often feel blue. I worry about things. Factor V Openness to Experience Openness is a general appreciation for art, emotion, adventure, out-of-the-way ideas, imagination, curiosity, and chassis of experience. The trait distinguishes imaginative people from down-to-earth, unoriginal people. great deal who are open to experience are intellectually curious, appreciative of art, and mass medium to beauty. Continued They tend to be, compared to more original and more aware of their feelings. They are more likely to hold maverick eliefs. People with low scores on openness tend to have more conventional, conventional interests. They prefer the plain, straightforward, and obvious over the complex, ambiguous, and subtle. Continued Wide interests versus Narrow interests, imaginative versus Commonplace, prehensile versus Unintelligent, Sample openness items I have a rich vocabulary. I have a vivid imagination. I have excellent ideas. I am industrious to understan d things. I use difficult words. I spend time reflecting on things. I am full of ideas. convey youBig Five personality TraitsBig five model Lewis goldberg proposed a five dimension personality model , nicknamed the big five /five factor theory. The Big Five model is a comprehensive, empirical, data-driven research finding. In psychology, the Big Five factors (Five Factor Model) of personality are five broad domains or dimensions of personality which are used to describe human personality. Big five factors are Factor I Extraversion. Factor II Agreeableness. Factor III Conscientiousness. Factor IV Neuroticism. Factor V Openness to Experience. Factor I Extraversion Extraversion is characterized by positive emotions and the tendency to seek out stimulation and the company of others. Extraverts enjoy being with people, and are often perceived as full of energy. They tend to be enthusiastic, action-oriented individuals who are likely to say Yes or Lets go to opportunities for excitement. Continued In groups they like to talk, assert themselves, and draw attention to themselves. Introverts lack the social exuberance and activity levels of extraverts. They tend to seem quiet, low-key, deliberate, and less involved in the social world.Continued Extraversion the tendency to be Talkative versus Quiet. Assertive versus Reserved. Active versus Shy. Energetic versus Silent. Outgoing versus Withdrawnness.. Sample extraversion items I dont mind being the center of attention. I feel comfortable around people. I start conversations. I talk to a lot of different people at parties. I dont talk a lot. (reversed) I have little to say. (reversed) I dont like to draw attention to myself. (reversed) I am quiet around strangers. (reversed) Factor II Agreeableness Agreeableness is a tendency to be compassionate nd cooperative rather than suspicious and antagonistic towards others. They are generally considerate, friendly, generous, helpful, and willin g to compromise their interests with others. Agreeable people also have an optimistic view of human nature. They believe people are basically honest, decent, and trustworthy. Continued.. Disagreeable individuals place self-interest above getting along with others. They are generally unconcerned with others well-being. Sometimes their skepticism about others motives causes them to be suspicious, unfriendly, and ncooperative. Continued.. Kind versus unkind. Appreciative versus Fault-finding. Soft-hearted versus Hard-hearted. Warm versus Cold. Generous versus Quarrelsome. Friendly versus Unfriendly. Sample agreeableness items I am interested in people. I sympathize with others feelings. I have a soft heart. I take time out for others. I feel others emotions. I make people feel at ease. Factor III Conscientiousness Conscientiousness is a tendency to show self-discipline, act dutifully, and aim for achievement against measures or outside expectations. The trait shows a p reference for planned rather than spontaneous behavior. It influences the way in which we control, regulate, and direct our impulses. Continued.. Organized versus unorganized. Efficient versus inefficient. Responsible versus Irresponsible. Reliable versus unreliable. Dependable versus Undependable Practical versus imaginative. Sample conscientiousness items I am always prepared. I pay attention to details. I get chores done right away. I like order. I follow a schedule. I am exacting in my work.Factor IV Neuroticism Neuroticism is the tendency to experience negative emotions, such as anger, anxiety, or depression. It is sometimes called emotional instability. Those who score high in neuroticism are emotionally reactive and vulnerable to stress. They are more likely to interpret ordinary situations as threatening, and minor frustrations as hopelessly difficult. Continued These problems in emotional regulation can diminish the ability of a person scoring high on neur oticism to think clearly, make decisions, and cope effectively with stress. At the other end of the scale, individuals who score low in neuroticism are less easily upset and are less emotionally reactive. They tend to be calm, emotionally stable, and free from persistent negative feelings. Continued Tense, Anxious, Nervous, Moody, Worrying, Touchy, Fearful, Self-pitying, Temperamental, Unstable, Self-punishing. versus Emotional stability, Emotional control, Ego strength Sample neuroticism items I am easily disturbed. I change my mood a lot. I get irritated easily. I get stressed out easily. I get upset easily. I have frequent mood swings. I often feel blue. I worry about things. Factor V Openness to Experience Openness is a general appreciation for art, emotion, adventure, unusual ideas, imagination, curiosity, and variety of experience. The trait distinguishes imaginative people from down-to-earth, conventional people. People who are open to experience are intellectual ly curious, appreciative of art, and sensitive to beauty. Continued They tend to be, compared to more creative and more aware of their feelings. They are more likely to hold unconventional eliefs. People with low scores on openness tend to have more conventional, traditional interests. They prefer the plain, straightforward, and obvious over the complex, ambiguous, and subtle. Continued Wide interests versus Narrow interests, Imaginative versus Commonplace, Intelligent versus Unintelligent, Sample openness items I have a rich vocabulary. I have a vivid imagination. I have excellent ideas. I am quick to understand things. I use difficult words. I spend time reflecting on things. I am full of ideas. Thank you